Pride and Prejudice Plot Essay Example for Free

Pride and Prejudice Plot Essay Elizabeth Bennet gets two proposition; one from Mr Collins and one from Mr Darcy. Mr Collins was a tall and substantial looking man of a quarter century. In spite of the fact that he was gracious and respectful he was likewise grandiose and had a self-swelled personality. He generally delivered ceaseless discourses about nothing and exhausted everybody to death. Mr Collins complimented everybody continually except now and then improperly. He asked to know which of his reasonable cousins the greatness of its cooking was owed. - By this, Mrs Bennet was affronted and guaranteed him they were in certainty ready to keep a decent cook. This indicated his absence of judgment in when to praise. He was additionally very preposterous and Mr Bennets mockery frequently went totally unnoticed. For instance, on page 54, Mr Bennet inquired as to whether his honeyed words were readied and Mr Collins conceded that occasionally he would consider them for his delight! Woman Catherine de Bourgh who was his patroness utilized him. He cowered to her continually as she paid his direction; due to her, he was center/high society. He was a priest at Hunsford close Rosings, Lady Catherine de Bourghs home. At the point when Mr Bennet passes on, Mr Collins will acquire Longburn, as Mr Bennet can't go out to his significant other; ladies couldnt acquire. In Mr Collins letter, he proposes to make harmony with the family. Mr Darcy then again was excellent looking. He before long drew the consideration of the room by his fine tall individual, attractive highlights, honorable disposition He is additionally portrayed as a fine figure of a man. In any case, he was destined to be found to be pleased over his organization. He was smart, and yet he was haughty, saved and meticulous. He possessed Pemberly Estate and got one thousand per year. - He was high society and he knew it; He had seen an assortment of individuals in whom there was little magnificence and no style for none of whom he had felt the littlest intrigue. Darcy and Bingley had a decent kinship in spite of numerous distinctions. Bingley made certain of being preferred any place he showed up; Darcy was consistently giving offense. Darcy had no comical inclination and let it be known. He couldnt see the interesting side of life while Bingley was cheerful and jumped at the chance to appreciate all that he did. In the past Wickam and Darcy had a difference. Mr Darcys father had guaranteed Wickam a spot in the congregation however when he kicked the bucket Darcy wouldn't support him. Mr Collins first clues on his likely arrangements in quite a while letter to the Bennets when he composes; I can't be in any case than worried at the methods for harming your friendly girls, and ask leave to apologize for it, just as to guarantee you of my status to make them each conceivable alters. On the primary day of remaining at Longburn, he, in a discussion to Mrs Bennet said; I can guarantee the youngsters that I come arranged to appreciate them. - Here he gave Mrs Bennet a little look at his expectations. Jane Austin at that point parted with it saying that currently having a decent house and pay; Mr Collins was in need of a spouse. He was likewise satisfying Catherine de Bourgh who figured he ought to wed. So for the principal evening Jane was the settled decision being the oldest, however the prettiest - this was, until he was educated by Mrs Bennet that she was destined to be locked in to Bingley (misrepresentation). At that point at the Netherfield Ball he asked Lizzy to move a few times and she understood she was the anointed one out of the five sisters. Mr Darcy then again was a long way from respecting Lizzy from the start and when Mr Bingley recommended he hit the dance floor with her at the Meryton Ball he answered that he had not minimal aim of moving. - Bingley was hitting the dance floor with the main gorgeous young lady in the room. Here he was alluding to Jane. He said Lizzy was passable, yet not attractive enough to entice me. At that point at Sir William Lucass party, William attempted to combine up both of them and Darcy didn't avoid, however Lizzy got over him with; I have not minimal aim of moving. - this was repay. It was at this gathering Darcy understood his actual affections for her. At Netherfield when Jane went to remain, she became sick and Lizzy being concerned dropped by. Here, she saw that Darcy was continually watching her. Miss Bingley who covertly enjoyed Darcy, in observing that he was attracted to Lizzy attempted to turn him against her. However, all futile, for whatever she stated, he simply stood up for Elizabeth. Miss Bingley, in Mr Darcys shielding her said; I am apprehensive Mr Darcy that this experience has rather influenced your deference for her fine eyes. I think when she says this shes half-prodding and half desirous of him enjoying her. Before proposing, Mr Collins said to Mrs Bennet, May I trust madam, for your enthusiasm with your reasonable little girl Elizabeth, when I request for the respect of a private crowd with her over the span of toward the beginning of today? - Here, he was fundamentally asking Mrs Bennets consent to propose. He at that point propelled straight into his discourse. Mr Darcy dropped by Lizzy and from the outset made light discussion, getting some information about her wellbeing. At that point there was an ungainly quietness where he more likely than not been attempting to consider how to begin before continuing. - Differences are as of now appearing on the other side. Mr Collins initially said hed picked Lizzy nearly when hed met her (which was a falsehood) and proceeded to determine his explanations behind wedding her. He, as a pastor needed to set a guide to the remainder of the area, he figured it would make his cheerful and he was following Lady Catherine de Bourghs exhortation. Hed clearly planed out his discourse cautiously however in his reasons, he had not referenced that he was infatuated with her! Darcy then again offered his turn in marriage since he loved her and his initial sentence communicated this plainly; Futile I have battled. It won't do. My emotions won't be quelled. You should permit me to reveal to you how I respect and love you. Mr Collins additionally made a few affront to Lizzy when proposing to her without acknowledging it! For example, he said that on the off chance that she can't, she my never get another offer. He likewise advises her that on the off chance that she remains single, all she may ever be qualified for is twenty-five pounds when her mom bites the dust. Darcy put his foot in it as well. In the wake of saying the amount he adored her, he proceeded to state that it was not his desire to do as such with her associations and status; His feeling of inadequacy - of the family hindrances which judgment had consistently contradicted to tendency. At the point when he was turned down he thought she was simply irritated; Would you be able to anticipate that me should celebrate in the inadequacy of your associations? - To praise myself on the expectation of relations, your associations? He additionally confessed to attempting to separate Jane and Darcy and even celebrated in his accomplishment of doing as such. In light of dismissal, Mr Collins thinks Lizzy is putting on a show and says this is not out of the ordinary of a woman. He proceeds to express all the great materialistic motivations to wed him neglecting to make reference to things like love. He goes about as though wedding would be a wise speculation for Lizzy or something. He at that point guaranteed her that both of her folks endorsed of the marriage. Mr Darcy in light of dismissal is stunned and furious however figures out how to control himself. He inquired as to why he had been can't and figured she should be annoyed by what he had said before; Might you be able to anticipate that me should celebrate in the inadequacy of your associations? In any case, in the wake of saying these words he acknowledged her answer. The two proposition were made for altogether different reasons; Mr Collins clearly proposed for comfort, while Mr Darcy was enamored. The two men additionally responded in various manners when turned down; in spite of the fact that Mr Collins couldnt take the dismissal, he was not really made a big deal about something besides having his male pride hurt. - Darcy more likely than not been amazingly disturbed, to him Lizzy was the lady he needed to spend a mind-blowing remainder with however he did whatever it takes not to show his feelings. The two of them included a great deal of highbrow character in their proposition talks. They imagined that Lizzy would not dismiss somebody of the higher class and she should be thankful that she was picked out of the various young ladies; both reminded her continually about her status. Mr Collins was progressively close to home referencing both what might happen when her mom and father kicked the bucket yet Lizzy got increasingly furious at Darcy in light of things he has said and done before. Mr Collins and Mr Darcy both said in much detail all the advantages and disadvantages of the marriage. All in all, the two proposition have a few similitudes yet they vary in the fundamental necessity of adoration.

World Population in Past 50 Years free essay sample

Throughout the previous 50 years, total populace duplicated more quickly than any other time in recent memory, and more quickly than it is anticipated to develop later on. In 1950, the world had 2. 5 billion individuals; and in 2005, the world had 6. 5 billion individuals. By 2050, this number could ascend to in excess of 9 billion (see graph World Population Growth, 1950-2050). Anthropologists accept the human species goes back at any rate 3 million years. For a large portion of our history, these far off progenitors carried on a problematic presence as trackers and gatherers. Along these lines of life kept their complete numbers little, most likely under 10 million. Be that as it may, as horticulture was presented, networks advanced that could bolster more individuals. Total populace extended to around 300 million by A. D. 1 and kept on developing at a moderate rate. Be that as it may, after the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century, expectations for everyday comforts rose and far reaching starvations and pestilences decreased in certain locales. Populace development quickened. The populace moved to around 760 million of every 1750 and arrived at 1 billion around 1800. We will compose a custom paper test on Total populace in Past 50 Years or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Total populace Distribution by Region, 1800â€2050 Source: United Nations Population Division, Briefing Packet, 1998 Revision of World Population Prospects; and World Population Prospects, The 2006 Revision. In 1800, most by far of the universes populace (85 percent) dwelled in Asia and Europe, with 65 percent in Asia alone (see graph, World Population Distribution by Region, 1800â€2050). By 1900, Europes portion of total populace had ascended to 25 percent, energized by the populace increment that went with the Industrial Revolution. A portion of this development overflowed to the Americas, expanding a lot of the world aggregate. Total populace development quickened after World War II, when the number of inhabitants in less created nations started to increment significantly. Following a great many long stretches of amazingly moderate development, the human populace in reality developed violently, multiplying over and over; a billion people were included somewhere in the range of 1960 and 1975; another billion were included somewhere in the range of 1975 and 1987. All through the twentieth century each extra billion has been accomplished in a shorter timeframe. Human populace entered the twentieth century with 1. 6 billion individuals and left the century with 6. 1 billion. The development of the most recent 200 years seems touchy on the verifiable course of events. The general impacts of this development on expectations for everyday comforts, asset use, and the earth will keep on changing the world scene long after. Exponential Growth As quite a while in the past as 1789, Thomas Malthus examined the idea of populace development in Europe. He asserted that populace was expanding quicker than food creation, and he dreaded inevitable worldwide starvation. Obviously he was unable to predict how present day innovation would grow food creation, however his perceptions about how populaces increment were significant. Populace develops geometrically (1, 2, 4, 8 †¦), instead of numerically (1, 2, 3, 4 †¦), which is the reason the numbers can increment so rapidly. A story said to have begun in Persia offers a great case of exponential development. It recounts a shrewd squire who introduced a delightful chess set to his lord and consequently asked just that the ruler give him one grain of rice for the main square, two grains, or twofold the sum, for the subsequent square, four grains (or twofold once more) for the third, etc. The ruler, not being numerically disposed, concurred and requested the rice to be brought from capacity. The eighth square required 128 grains, the twelfth took more than one pound. Well before arriving at the 64th square, every grain of rice in the realm had been utilized. Indeed, even today, the all out world rice creation would not be sufficient to meet the sum required for the last square of the chessboard. The key to understanding the math is that the pace of development (multiplying for each square) applies to an ever-extending measure of rice, so the quantity of grains included with each multiplying goes up, despite the fact that the pace of development is steady. So also, if a countrys populace starts with 1 million and develops at a consistent 3 percent every year, it will include 30,000 people the primary year, very nearly 31,000 the subsequent year, and 40,000 by the tenth year. At a 3 percent development rate, its multiplying time †or the quantity of years to twofold in size †is 23 years. (The multiplying time for a populace can be generally dictated by partitioning the present development rate into the number 69. Along these lines, 69/3=23 years. Obviously, if a populaces development rate doesn't stay in light of present conditions, the anticipated multiplying time would should be recalculated. ) The development pace of 1. 2 percent somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2005, when applied to the universes 6. 5 billion populace in 2005, yields a yearly increment of around 78 million individuals. In view of the enormous and expanding populace size, the quantity of individuals added to the worldwide populace will riain high for quite a few years, even as development rates keep on declining. Somewhere in the range of 2005 and 2030, the vast majority of this yearly development will happen in the less evolved nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America whose populace development rates are a lot higher than those in progressively created nations. The populaces in the less evolved locales will probably keep on ordering a bigger extent of the world aggregate. While Asias portion of total populace may keep on drifting around 60 percent through 2050, Europes partition has declined strongly and is probably going to drop considerably more during the 21st century. Africa would pick up some portion of Europes partition, and the populace in Latin America and the Caribbean would remain moderately steady around 8 percent (see outline, World Population Distribution by Region, 1800â€2050, above). The more evolved nations in Europe and North America, just as Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, are becoming by under 1 percent every year. Populace development rates are negative in numerous European nations, including Russia (- 0. %), Estonia (- 0. 4%), Hungary (- 0. 3%), and Ukraine (- 0. 8%). In the event that the development rates in these nations keep on falling underneath zero, populace size would gradually decrease. As the graph World Population Growth, 1950â€2050 shows, populace increment in progressively created nations is now low and is required to balance out. Terms Birth rate (or rough birth rate): The yearly number of births per 1,000 complete populace. Multiplying time: The quantity of years required for the number of inhabitants in a zone to twofold its current size, given the present pace of populace development. Populace multiplying time is valuable to exhibit the drawn out impact of a development rate, yet ought not be utilized to extend populace size. Some increasingly evolved nations have extremely low development rates. However, these nations are not expected to ever twofold again. Most, truth be told, likely have populace decreases in their future. Some less-created nations have high development rates that are related with short multiplying occasions, however are required to develop all the more gradually as birth rates are relied upon to keep on declining. Development rate: The quantity of people added to (or deducted from) a populace in a year because of characteristic increment and net relocation; communicated as a level of the populace toward the start of the timeframe. Less created nations: Less created nations remember all nations for Africa, Asia (barring Japan), and Latin America and the Caribbean, and the areas of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Progressively created nations: More created nations remember all nations for Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan.

5 Art History Books You Can Read In A Weekend

5 Art History Books You Can Read In A Weekend If you are, like me, an uncultured amorphous lump of tweets, then you’re starving for short educational remedies in modern art history. So here are five easily digestible art history books you can consume before you’re exposed as dilettante. Life With Picasso by Francoise Gilot and Carlton Lake It is not quite an art history, a biography, or a memoir. It is a stirring of the three by the iconic Françoise Gilot to make something a more intimate history. While it easy to compare her own works with Picasso, Gilotâ€"and Lakeâ€"pivot away from this cliché to explore the pains and ecstasies of two artists sharing ten years and two children together. Post-Colonial Art and Global Aesthetics by Akinwumi Adesokan It may seem like an stretch to go from an artists memoir to a dialectical art history yet Adesokan’s intelligent, readable prose handles the complex without headache. The volume is lightweight without sacrificing the gravity of its subject and Adesokan clearly cares enough about the reader to break down complex historical relationships. However this book will ensure you can’t walk through a Western museum’s African art wing without layers of complex rage. My Faraway One: Letters of Georgia O’Keeffe and Alfred Stieglitz: Volume One, 1915-1933 edited by Sarah Greenough Departing from Art History and towards artists’ history, this love letter collection is one of the most revealing. Georgia O’Keeffes tryst with Alfred Stieglitz was one of the most entrancing modern romances of the twentieth century and this type of publication does push the limits of personal understanding. A weekend with the first volume will leave you sensitive and with a deep appreciation for the inner lives of artists. Women Photographers by Constance Sullivan While there are many, many, many, options for contemporary female photographers (and hopefully this publishing practice will never die), Sullivan’s work is a genesis collection. It was published at a time when art histories were curated towards western male artists; two years before Madonna’s Sex was published  and everyone started to give a shit. Sullivan’s struggles mirrored the challenges of her collective subjects, women who faced discrimination as photographers when photography was still not treated as a serious art form. Black Arts and Aesthetics: A Bibliography by Carolyn Fowler Not gonna lie, this will not be an easy volume to find (Atlanta’s Vintage Bookstore has six copies left as of April 2018) but is one of the most seminal collections and essays produced about the cultural magnitude of Black Artists. If you want to go beyond a breezy weekend read and understand the full weight of Black American artistic and aesthetic history, then you’ll need this bibliography. What are your favorite art history books?   Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Protests Demonstrations Marches And Sit Ins - 2183 Words

Protests, Marches and Sit-ins Protests, marches and sit-ins, these things became a way for nonviolent activists to garner attention for the plight that they were fighting for or against. I believe they became a thing after WWII because there was a greater desire to have government protection against certain things that Americans were beginning to think of as liberties or rights. As a child of the early 70 s I became very aware of the hot bed issues of the day, i.e. the Vietnam war, and the hippie movement just a few years prior to my birth as well as the larger events such as Women s lib or the Civil Rights Movements. Some of these are still going strong, movements for things such as Gay Rights, Civil Rights, and Radical Feminism. I am an activist at heart, I have an innate need to fight for the underdog even to my own peril. Through this paper I am hoping to garner more of an understanding of these issues and why this avenue, based on fact as opposed to my limited and probably biased information and opinions. What is a protest and what is it good for? The definition of a protest is a complaint or objection against an idea, an act, or a way of doing things; an event in which people gather to show disapproval of something. A Sit-in is a form of civil disobedience in which demonstrators occupy seats in a public place (often places prohibited to them, such as a lunch counter for whites only or the steps of a university) and refuse to move as a protest, hoping toShow MoreRelatedSocial Injustice By Henry David Thoreau891 Words   |  4 Pagespeaceful protest of civilians who feel the laws are unjust. These rallies,boycotts, or sit ins have forced a new way of thinking onto the public. Causing them rethink the morals they have been taught. Many forms of civil disobedience have been used throughout the years. While some have been ineffective in getting their message to public, others will be remembered forever throughout history. People looking to take part in civil disobedience have many options to choose from: Boycotts, Sit ins, MarchesRead MoreNonviolent Protests: An argumentative essay1411 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough nonviolent protests. Perhaps the most well-known of the non-violent protests are those associated with the Civil Rights movement. The movement was felt across the south, yet Birmingham, Alabama was known for its unequal treatment of blacks and became the focus of the Civil Rights Movement. Under the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr., president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, African-Americans in Birmingham, began daily demonstrations and sit-ins to protest discriminationRead MoreAfrican Americans: Fighting For Their Rights Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pagesof white people in the country. They responded to the segregation of blacks and whites during that time and the double standards the African Americans were held to. African Americans responded to their suppression by participating in boycotts, marches, sit-ins, and trying to get legislation passed so that they could overcome their degrading situation. They were successful in many of these actions and through them brought around more rights for African Americans. Boycotts were a major way thatRead MoreEssay on Civil Disobedience1532 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Civil disobedience is the term assigned to actions taken by individuals to sway public opinion about laws that individuals deem unfair or unjust. Actions taken are usually nonviolent, and can include sit-ins, mass demonstrations, picket lines, and marches. Citizens are acting on their consciences, demonstrating highly advanced moral reasoning skills. Generally, these advanced skills fall into Kohlberg’s Six Stages of Moral Development, Stage Five and Six in particular. Characteristics ofRead MoreThe Struggle For Equality And Rights During The Civil War1323 Words   |  6 Pagesoppressed and dissatisfied with the laws of the United States, were expressing their feelings and emotions through songs in unison. They would sing in marches, sit-ins, protests, and whenever they felt the need to feel united, they sang. Marches during the Civil Rights movements were not short and sweet, they were long and weary. One of the most famous marches organized by Martin Luther King Jr, the Sel ma to Montgomery march, was over 50 miles long. Music kept them going through those 50 miles. If theyRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesand blacks to protest racial discrimination, poverty and war? (Compton?s 244). On August 28, 1963 King made one of his most influential speeches ever at the March on Washington. His ?I have a dream? speech had a major impact on all of America. His speech urged people to be judged by their character and not by the color of their skin (Civil Rights 148). King was a man who didn?t believe in violence. The way he got his point across was not through violence, but through peaceful protest just as GandhiRead MoreOrder in Society1253 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst citizens involves the use of excessive force when physical action is unnecessary, and it springs from factors such as the race, religion, and socioeconomic status of civilians. Misconduct and violence by the police can occur during protests and demonstrations, or everyday encounters with citizens. Much of the police brutality in the last few decades of American history can be identified to be dependent on racial factors, especially in the South. However, this trend is slowly reversing. As socialRead MoreA Trip Through the Civil Rights Movement1057 Words   |  4 Pagespart of history starting off as slaves, but to the point of making history for standing up for what they believed was right and having equality. Now no one said it was going to be a easy process, but at the end of the tunnel there was a light. Lets sit back and close your eyes as we take a trip back in time during the Civil Rights Movement. The Civil Rights Movement began on December 1,1955. It started in Montgomery, Alabama and later on spread to the rest of the southern states. The main ethnicRead More The Civil Rights Movement (1955- 1965) Essay1262 Words   |  6 Pageswas a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites. During the civil rights movement, individuals and organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Some believe that the movement began with the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, there is still however some debate about when it began and whetherRead MoreI Have a Dream: Martin Luther King Jr. Essay989 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world that we live in today. He wanted freedom for all and fought an endless battle to get us to where we are. Martin was an American pastor, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. By using, speeches, marches and his actions he accomplished his goal and was a main contributor to end segregation. Martin’s nonviolence tactics lead him through the years. Even when attacked by others he only used words to get his point across. He ended to segregation to all

The Ultimate Bank of America Essay Topics Trick

The Ultimate Bank of America Essay Topics Trick What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Bank of America Essay Topics It's possible to pick one randomly, without so much as thinking whether it meets your essay requirements or whether you're interested in it and can discover enough details. The political effect on literature may not be ignored. The outline needs to be made in accordance to the significance of the thoughts and arguments that you'd be incorporating in GED essay writing. To begin with, your essay on unemployment should begin with an introduction. The Downside Risk of Bank of America Essay Topics The school you've been dreaming of for your entire life is only an essay away. A photo essay is a set of pictures with a total topic or theme. Our service also provides free essays which is an element of what makes us unmatched. Additionally, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask her or him to make corrections. If you are frightened to compose a research paper, then in reality you don't need to fear. To compose a research paper, you might have to make some steps. If you also wish to compose an outstanding research paper, then you've got to ready the draft for that, then you ought to begin writing a research paper only. When you're writing a research paper, you also need to check your research whether it's in accordance with your letter or not. In the past paragraph, do not give new info, but what you have to do is to sum up what you've discussed. There's no topic too hard for our experts. All the answers usually lie in the demands of the specific organization which you are applying to. The appropriation of Texas by the USA caused more difference between both states. Banknotes issued by the Bank of the USA were widely accepted throughout the nation. Though with the help of the United States of america, Texas would be in a position to contend the Mexicans. Among the socio-economic problems of the present stage of development of the USA is the issue of unemployment. Top Bank of America Essay Topics Choices Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Nobody really wishes to compose an essay. While writing the essay you should be sure your essay is totally free from all sorts of errors including grammatical or spelling in order to save your time in the revision procedure. Pre-written essays don't always solve all the academic difficulties. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. What you aspire to teach your reader will choose the form of your essay. So far as essay structure goes, a 4 or 5 paragraph essay based on the number of points you might want to argue is an excellent start. The multiple topics might be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. Thus, consider all the potential problems you may encounter while writing an essay on a specific topic. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but be certain to do your homework on what the recent laws about your favorite topic actually say. Whether you currently have a topic in mind or want to get guidance in locating the ideal option possible, our team members can allow you to create a 100% unique and authentic essay that will satisfy all your academic requirements. Students have difficult time in writing since they start late and they don't have enough details about the question. Often college students get into lots of stress to get the ideal topic for the essay. In your introduction, you want to explain what you're discussing and what it is about. Dan Carlin's Hardcore History podcast is just one of my favourite things to obey. Selecting a writing topic can be stressful regardless of what subject you're writing over. It's important to get a topic that's specific enough that finding sources is relatively effortless, but broad enough you can write many pages about it.

Motivation Case Study Free Essays

I found both case studies to be very interesting. In the Two Men and a Lot of Trucks case study, I could identify the expectancy theory and Maslow’s needs hierarchy theory. The text states that Mary Ellen quit her well-paying job with benefits to grow her business. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now What started as a part-time gig working from her dining room table quickly became a successful franchise operation. Mary Ellen’s hard work and dedication paid off as there are currently 152 franchise locations. Maslow’s needs hierarchy theory can also been found in this case study through Mary Ellen’s devotion to providing superior customer service and using her prior work experience. Mary Ellen was able to create high-performing teams by establishing Stick Men University. Offering this level of training has effectively helped Two Men grow. As Sheets says, â€Å"I want them to be successful as fast as they can. † (Jones, 2007) In the Siemen’s case study I could identify both the expectancy theory and the job enrichment theory. The study stated that Kleinfeld wanted employees to work more flexible hours and on weekends. With everyone’s job on the line, Kleinfeld put in the extra effort to motivate workers. He made himself available around the clock and it paid off. Even though Kleinfeld relies on the support of the management board he seems to have the freedom to do his job his way. He has held 10 positions within Siemens which has allowed him â€Å"to explore every corner of the far-flung Siemens empire. † I believe that Kleinfeld used the participative approach to creating high-performing teams within Siemens as he was involved with most aspects of this company’s growth. (Jones, 2007) How to cite Motivation Case Study, Free Case study samples

Marketing Study of a Tutorial Services Agency Essay Example

Marketing Study of a Tutorial Services Agency Essay Marketing study determines the reliability of the entire study. The chapter depicts the past and future demand and supply for the service and analyses to determine the market position of the proposed project. Marketing is defined as the area of management responsible for researching and satisfying customer needs. (University of Auckland Business School, n. d. ) Relevant questions for the study answered by the target market are presented in this chapter.All other aspects affecting the demand and supply are also discussed including accessibility of the location, the sources of marketing demand and supply and the probability of future income for the business. The market share of the proposed project will also be determined on this chapter. There is a need to take into consideration every susceptible aspect of the market because the success of the business greatly depends on satisfying the demand from the customers and the methods used by the business to capitalize on these.Target Market Description The business will be situated at 2nd floor, Tierra Linda Pampangas Best Building, along Jose Abad Santos Avenue, City of San Fernando, Pampanga. City of San Fernando is the capital of Pampanga where a number private schools and establishments are located. The target customers are the elementary students studying in private schools in the City of San Fernando nearest to the location of the office. These are the University of the Assumption, San Lorenzo Ruiz Center for Schools and Studies, Asian Montessori Center, Mary the Queen Academy of Pampanga and Mexico Ecumenical Development Center for Children, Inc.Parents looking for a trustworthy and tr ained tutor can come to the business and have one. Whiz will guarantee that only screened persons, particularly the licensed teachers, fit for the job will be deployed by the business. The trust of the parents to the establishment is the prospect of the proponents so that patronage is maintained all throughout the elementary years of the tutee. 29 University of the Assumption Department of Accountancy Feasibility Study Market Survey for Tutorial Agency Greetings! We are fourth year accountancy students from the University of the Assumption working on our feasibility tudy for agency offering tutorial services. Please help us through filling out this survey form. Kindly put a check mark on your answers. Thank you for your participation. Child’s Information Name: Address: School: Grade Level: Age: Gender: ___ Male ___ Female Questions Related to the Study 1. Do you believe in the improvement that tutorials can bring to your child’s studies? ___ Yes ___ No 2. How many time s in a week should a child take his/her tutoring session? ___ twice ___ weekdays ___ others, specify ___ thrice ___ weekends 30 3. How long should a child spend for each session? __ one hour ___ three hours ___ two hours ___ others, specify 4. How much do you think should be paid for a one hour tutorial session? ___ P200 – P250 ___ P250 – P300 ___P300 – P350 ___ P350 – P400 5. Do you know tutors who are hired through an agency? ___ Yes ___ No 6. Do you have a current tutor for your child? ___ Yes 7. If yes, is the current tutor a teacher? ___ Yes 8. ___ No ___ No If no, will you consider hiring a tutor from an agency for your child to improve his/her academic performance in school? ___ Yes ___ No 9. On summer vacation, will you consider hiring a tutor for your child to get him/her ready for the incoming school year? __ Yes ___ No 10. What summer courses would your child be interested in? ___ Math ___ Science ___ English Proficiency ___ others, specify 31 Survey Summary Survey questionnaires are given to 100 respondents to determine the demand and other information to be considered in the proposed business. The following graphs show the results and analyses of the survey. General Information 55% 45% Male Female Figure 3. 0 Gender Fifty-five (55) of the respondents are female and forty-five (45) are female. San Lorenzo Ruiz Center for Schools and Studies Mexico Ecumenical Development Center for Children, Inc.University of the Assumption Grade School Mary the Queen Academy of Pampanga Asian Montessori Center 5% 23% 11% 24% 37% Figure 4. 0 Schools Thirty-seven percent (37%) of the respondents are students from the University of the Assumption Grade School; twenty-four percent (24%) are from the Mexico Ecumenical Development Center for Children, Inc; twenty-three percent (23%) are from the Asian Montessori Center; eleven percent (11%) are from Mary the Queen Academy of Pampanga and five percent (5%) are from San Lorenzo Ruiz Center for S chools and 32 Studies.The number of respondents for each school are based on the population of their students. Grade I Grade II Grade III Grade IV Grade V Grade VI 11% 18% 6% 18% 25% 22% Figure 5. 0 Grade Level Twenty-five percent (25%) of the respondents are Grade I students, twenty-two percent (22%) are Grade II, both Grade III and Grade IV are eighteen percent (18%), eleven percent (11%) are Grade V and six percent (6%) are Grade VI students. Questions Related to the Study 1. Do you believe in the improvement that tutorials can bring to your child’s studies? 8% 92% Yes No Figure 6. Improvements through the Tutorials This question is asked to know the possible market of the business. Ninety-two percent (92%) of the respondents believe that tutorials bring improvements to the child’s studies and only eight percent (8%) answered no. 2. How many times in a week should a child take his/her tutoring session? 12% 8% 4% 2% 74% Weekdays Thrice Twice Weekends Others Figure 7. 0 Frequencies of Tutorial Sessions 33 The results of this question will be used to determine the number of times per week the business will provide for tutorial sessions.Seventy-four percent (74%) of the respondents choose to have tutorial sessions on weekdays, twelve percent (12%) prefer thrice a week, eight percent (8%) favors two tutorial sessions per week and four percent (4%) choose to have the tutorial sessions during weekends. Two percent of (2%) of the respondents prefer four times or every other day to have the tutorial sessions. 3. How long should a child spend for each session? 0% 18% 4% one hour two hours 78% three hours others Figure 8. 0 Hours per session This will determine the hours the business will provide for each tutorial session.Seventy-eight percent (78%) of the respondents prefers one hour for every session and eighteen percent (18%) choose to have two hours for every tutoring session. Four percent (4%) chooses to have it for thirty to forty-five minutes a se ssion. 4. How much do you think should be paid for a one hour tutorial session? 2% 4% 2% P200 P250 P250 P300 92% P300 P350 P350 P400 Figure 9. 0 Fee for One hour session The question asked will help the business to set the daily and monthly fee for the tutorial services.Ninety-two percent (92%) of the respondents are willing to pay a fee ranging from two hundred to two hundred fifty pesos for a one hour session. Two 34 percent (2%) prefers to pay a fee ranging from two hundred fifty to three hundred pesos, as well as for a fee ranging from three hundred fifty to four hundred pesos. Four percent (4%) are willing to pay three hundred to three hundred fifty pesos for one hour session. 5. Do you know tutors who are hired through an agency? 0% 100% Yes No Figure 10. Agencies for Tutors This question will provide information about existing business which is the same as the proposed business. All of the respondents have no knowledge of an agency that deploys tutors. 6. Do you have a cu rrent tutor for your child? 65% 35% Yes No Figure 11. 0 Current Tutor for Child This is to know the current status of the market. Only thirty-five percent (35%) of the respondents are engaged in tutorial services and the sixty-five percent (65%) who are not, represents a portion of the target market. 5 7. In relation to No. 6, if yes, is the current tutor a teacher? 21% 79% Yes No Figure 12. 0 Teachers as Tutors Seventy-nine percent (79%) of the tutors currently hired by respondents are teachers, the other twenty-one (21%) are not. 8. In relation to No. 6, if no, will you consider hiring a tutor from an agency for your child to improve his/her academic performance in school? 20% 80% Yes No Figure 13. 0 Hiring Tutors through an Agency This is important to determine the demand for the proposed business.Eighty percent (80%) of the respondents who are not engaged in tutorial services are willing to consider hiring tutors through an agency which provides a favorable demand. 9. On summer vacation, will you consider hiring a tutor for your child to get him/her ready for the incoming school year? 14% Yes 86% No Figure 14. 0 Summer Services This question will determine the demand of the business during summer. Out of all the respondents, eighty-six percent (86%) consider hiring a tutor during the summer. 36 10. What summer courses would your child be interested in? 7% 40% 40% 3% Math Science English Proficiency others Figure 15. 0 Courses for Summer The results of this question will be used to determine what courses should be offered during summer. Both Math and English Proficiency were selected by forty percent (40%) of the respondents and thirteen percent (13%) chose Science. Seven percent (7%) of the respondents chose courses like Arts and Sports and Filipino. Sources of Marketing Demand Base on the research made, the survey revealed that 52 out of 65 or 80% of the respondents who do not have a tutor consider hiring a tutor from an agency.The interest to avail of th e service was used in measuring the demand. Sources of Marketing Supply Base on the research made, the survey revealed that 50 out of 100 or 50% of the respondents, which are the licensed teachers in the City of San Fernando, Pampanga, are willing to work as a tutor to the agency with all the employment conditions laid out by the researchers. This data will be used by the researchers in measuring the supply and operating capacity of the business. Demand-Supply Analysis Demand Analysis Demand refers to customer’s need of the chosen service. 7 Table 6 Historical Demand School Year 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 Historical Demand (Persons) 880** 900 920 941 962 984* * % of persons who are willing to have a tutor x Number of students in the selected private schools who do not have a tutor = 80% x 1229 = 984 (Refer to survey summary and see appendix for selected private elementary schools) **Base from the data obtained from the selected private element ary schools, there is an average increase of 2. 3% on the number of enrolled elementary students.Previous years= current year demand/ 102. 3% The equation to be used: Y= a + bx Where: ) 38 To compute the projected demand, the Linear Regression Method will be used. One of the applications of this method is the trend line which is used in business analytics to show changes in data over time. Table 7 Computations for Projected Demand School Year 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012 X 1 2 3 4 5 ? x= 15 Y 880** 900 920 941 962 ? y=4, 603 xy 880 1800 2760 3764 4810 ? xy=14,014 b= 21 ? x 1 4 9 16 25 5 ) a= 816 Table 8 Projected Demand using the Linear Regression Method (Y) Projected Demand (Persons) 963 984 1, 005 1, 026 1, 047 School Year 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 X 7 8 9 10 11 39 Table 9 Target Market 2013 Number of students in the selected private schools who do not have a tutor 1,229 (x) those who want to avail of tutorial services 80% (x) the assum ed probability of the survey 50% (=) Target Market 2013 492 Refer to survey summary and see appendix for population.Supply Analysis The Whiz Tutorial Services Agency will be located at 2 nd floor of Tierra Linda Building, along Jose Abad Santos Avenue, City of San Fernando, Pampanga where a number of private schools are at nearby area. The researchers used an estimated rate of supply based on the average percentage increase of license teachers per year in the City of San Fernando. Table 10 Computation for 2013 Supply Total population of selected private elementary schools in San Fernando, Pampanga 1,891 (x) % of children who have tutors 35% Total Supply (persons) 662Table 11 Historical Supply School Year 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2102 40 Historical Supply (persons) 622* 630 638 646 654 2012-2013 662 *Based on the data obtained from Department of Education, there is an average 1. 3% increase in yearly supply. Previous years = current year demand/101. 3% The equatio n to be used: Y= a + bx Where: To compute for projected supply, the equation for Linear Regression Method will be used. Table 12 Computations for Projected Supply School Year 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012 x 1 2 3 4 5 ? x= 15 Y 622 630 638 646 654 ? = 3,190 xy 622 1,260 1,914 2,584 3,270 ? xy= 9,650 x? 1 4 9 16 25 ? x? = 55 b= 8 a= 614 41 Table 13 Projected Supply Using Linear Regression Method School Year 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 X 7 8 9 10 11 (Y) Projected Supply (Persons) 670 678 686 694 702 Demand-Supply Gap Analysis Table 14 Variance between Historical Demand and Historical Supply Historical School Year Demand (a) 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012 880** 900 920 941 962 Historical Supply (b) 622 630 638 646 654 Unsatisfied Demand (c) 258 270 282 295 308 Unsatisfied Percentages (d)=(c)/(a) 29. 2 30. 00 30. 65 31. 35 32. 02 In school year 2007-2008 to 2011-2012, the demand and supply has an average unsatisfied demand of 3 0. 62%. Whiz Tutorial Services Agency will then at least supplement this discrepancy for a certain percentage. 42 Table 15 Variance between Projected Demand and Projected Supply Projected School Year Demand (persons) (a) 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 963 984 1, 005 1, 026 1, 047 Projected Supply (persons) (b) 670 678 686 694 702 Unsatisfied Demand (persons) (c) 293 306 319 332 345 Unsatisfied Percentages (d)=(c)/(a) 30. 3 31. 10 31. 74 32. 36 32. 95 In school year 2013-2014 to 2017-2018, the demand and supply has an average unsatisfied demand of 31. 72%. 43 University of the Assumption Department of Accountancy Feasibility Study Availability of Supply Survey for Tutorial Agency Greetings! We are fourth year accountancy students from the University of the Assumption working on our feasibility study for agency offering tutorial services. Please help us through filling out this survey form. Kindly put a check mark on your answers. Thank you for your participation. G ender: Civil Status: Age:Questions Related to the Study Are you willing to work as a part-time tutor to an agency? ___ Yes ___ No Are you willing to be deployed on the residence of the student to be tutored? (Deployment will be based on the address of the tutee nearest to yours. ) ___ Yes ___ No Are you willing to tutor for one hour each, two grade-schoolers on weekdays (Monday to Friday) for a monthly salary of P5, 000. 00 plus transportation allowance? ___ Yes ___ No 44 Survey Summary Survey questionnaires are given to 100 respondents to determine the possible supply and other information to be considered in the proposed business.The following graph shows the results and analyses of the survey. 50% 50% Yes No Figure 16. 0 Teachers willing to be Hired as Tutors The questions are asked to know the percentage of licensed teachers who are willing to work as part-time tutors to an agency with the conditions of being deployed on the residence of the tutees and a monthly salary of P5, 00 0. 00 plus transportation allowance. Fifty percent of the respondents are willing to be hired as part-time tutor to an agency with the said employment conditions.Table 16 Availability of Supply *Population of licensed elementary teachers in City of San Fernando 671 (x) those who want to work as a part-time tutor to an agency (x) the assumed probability of the survey (=) Available Supply 50% 50% 168 *Data was obtained from the Department of Education City of San Fernando. 45 Table 17 Firm’s Annual Capacity in Person Year 1 Firm’s Maximum Operating Capacity Annual Maximum Capacity in Person (Operating Capacity x 2 tutees) The increase of the capacity is made by comparing the projected demand and availability of supply.The increase in operating capacity is within the availability of supply. Firm’s Market Share The firm’s market share refers to the percentage of total sales of service during a particular period in a geographical area. The equation for the com putation of the firm’s market share is as follows: Market Share = X 100% Table 18 Computation for the Firm’s Market Share Year 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 Computation x 100% x 100% x 100% x 100% x 100% Market Share 10. 7% 11. 72% 12. 72% 13. 68% 14. 60% 80 90 100 110 120 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 40 45 50 55 60 46 Based on the computation, the firm has an estimated average market share of 12. 68% within its five years of operation. Table 19 Projected Service Revenue (2013 – 2014) Services Offered Regular Services Summer Services Total Service Revenue Firm’s Capacity (in person) Price per month Number of Months Projected Service Revenue P4, 000, 000. 00 80 P5, 000. 00 10 80 P5, 000. 00 2 P800, 000. 0 P4, 800, 000. 00 Marketing Program and System Market Philosophies and Tasks The researchers will employ the marketing concept in conducting the marketing activities to entice the target market. Marketing concept (NetMBA, n. d. ) fo cuses on customers’ needs and wants and ends at creating long-term customer relationship by providing the desired satisfaction more effectively than competitors do. Thus, through the marketing concept, the organization will be benefited in the long run.Marketing Mix Strategies The business will attempt to generate a positive response from the target market by blending the marketing mix variables in an optimal manner. Product mix strategy- as a service business, the management will make sure that only quality service will be provided to the customers by effectively screening qualified tutors for the job. As such, only licensed teachers will be accepted as tutors. The kind of 47 service that the firm will provide shall determine the customer engagement with the business.Promotion mix strategy- long-term engagement of the customers’ with the business is the aim of the business. Market Timing and Scheduling Strategies †¢ Introduction stage- for the first year of the o peration, the business is expected to generate income, but on an unhurriedly trend or even operate with a loss because of pre-operating expenses, until the market becomes fully aware of the business. Extensive marketing will be employed in order increase market awareness of the services offered by the business as well as the benefits that can be derived there from. Growth stage- the second year up to third will be the growth stage of the business. The business will try to generate more revenues in order to cover up the losses, if any, during the first year of operation. Thus, the overall service that the business will provide shall keep the loyalty of the customers in order to realize the same. †¢ Maturity stage- from the start of the fourth year of operations, the business will mature with respect to loyal customers and the generation of income. It is said that during this stage, competitors begin to arise. †¢ Decline stage- depends ntil when the business will consistentl y earn income; but since education is necessary, opportunities are continuously seen by the proponents. However, remarketing is necessary in order to effectively lengthen the life to the business. Marketing Strategies To be successful in markets in which economic growth has leveled and in which there exist many competitors, a well-developed marketing strategy is required. Building the business around the profitable satisfaction of customer needs will help achieve success. The following strategies will be applied: 48 †¢Promotional devices such as streamers, banners, tarpaulins, leaflets, calling cards, and stickers will be distributed. †¢ Marketing advertisements on the social networking sites. Market Risk Factors that may affect the proposed project will be the current and future competitors. At present, there is no similar business in the area, but the teachers employed in the schools of the target market are perceived to be the competitors themselves, as well as the curr ent tutors of the students. On this matter, the proponents consider offering employment to the teachers.Through this, the business will be effectively advertised to the students, thus increasing the demand and earning a reasonable profit. The teachers will be attracted to the offer because it will only be a part-time job and they will have a source of income even during summer breaks. The business assumes its competitive edge of hiring only licensed teachers who are trustworthy and trained over the said competitors. Marketing Mix When marketing the services of the firm, the business needs to create a successful mix of the service, price, place, and promotion.These variables are the parameters that the business can control subject to the internal and external constraints of the marketing environment. The goal is to make decisions that center the said factors on the target market in order to create a perceived value and generate a positive response. Service Every parent would want the ir child to achieve a better academic performance. Setting aside genetic factors, supervision and tutorial play a big part in realizing the same. Education has always been given importance because it is believed that it will be the stepping stone to one’s success.By these, people will continue to value education, giving the business an opportunity to satisfy the customer’s needs. 49 Price Price is the one that creates revenue all the other marketing mix variables are costs. Research about the markets opinions on pricing is important as it will indicate how the service is valued and how much the market is willing to pay for it. In theory, price is really determined by the discovery of what customers perceive is the value of the service to be provided.The pricing strategy that the business will adopt will be one that can compete with the existing rates in the market. Promotion Promotion is the process of communicating to customers. It will provide information that will assist the market in making the decision of availing the service. Successful promotion will increase revenues and as such, advertising and other costs are spread over. Increased promotional activity will enable the business to develop and build-up a succession of messages and can be extremely cost-effective. 50 We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Study of a Tutorial Services Agency specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Study of a Tutorial Services Agency specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Study of a Tutorial Services Agency specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Political Representation for Women

Political Representation for Women Free Online Research Papers Politics and governance involve all aspects of power: who has power, what power relations exist, how power is exercised, the institutions of power, how they operate, what laws and policies are churned out from these institutions and what impact those have on people. Through the patriarchal powers vested in them by society, men become the ‘directors’ of virtually all public life – the ‘face’ of politics and governance. (Lowe Morna, 2004: 25) It is a statement of the obvious to note that women have been discriminated against in the political arena for centuries, enjoying little to no representation and playing no role in the governing of their countries. To effectively give credence to the arguments for women’s representation and to be able to evaluate the effectiveness of various ideologies, electoral systems and the use of quotas in offering women political equity, we must first understand how they have been politically marginalised. To that end, this paper begins with an exploration of the concept of citizenship: what it means, how important is it in having access to rights and representation and how and why the notion is gender-biased. Arguments are then presented that highlight the imperative need for women to have a face in governments, indicating their right to be a part of the policy making process. Women’s representation is, however, not a cut and dried issue for many political theorists and there are a number of debates surrounding the issue including the matter of women’s interests being a part of policy making, the legitimacy of feminists in government and the substantive effect of descriptive representation. Each of these will be discussed and evaluated as will the effectiveness of liberal democracy in terms of women’s rights and representation. Finally, a focused discussion on electoral systems and quotas and how they can be used to ensure fair representation and participation for both genders ensues. Based on this, the required evaluation of their effectiveness in increasing the number of women in government is made. Once again, this is a subject that elicits much debate but has in certain instances, as will be demonstrated in the final section, been immensely successful. 2. Women and Citizenship The term citizen is a broadly used and widely interpreted one that has meant different things to different people across the centuries. The basic understanding of the word is any member of a state who is politically and legally recognised as an individual and who, by democratic principle, therefore has both rights and responsibilities toward that state. Erasmus goes one step further to outline those rights in terms of equal access to judicial, political, social and economic independence. Despite the fact that days where women, ethnic minorities and the mentally ill were not formally considered citizens at all have passed in democratic countries, the question remains whether their inclusion is meaningful to the extent that they have access to the political mechanisms of democracy. A history of the state highlights some of the reasons why the concept of citizenship has traditionally been gender-biased. These include the perception that it is by defending a state in military terms or contributing to it in economic terms, that one has rights to citizenship. As both of these fields have, for centuries, been off limits to most women across the globe, their exclusion was a natural result of their relegation to the lesser-valued private sphere. In addition, land ownership laws, inheritance laws and marriage laws have been used to ensure that women were passed along from the care of their fathers to that of their husbands without ever enjoying either the experience or recognition of being individuals. (Phillips, 1991a:96) While most of these laws have been changed over the last century, the perception that accompanies them has been slow to follow. In her article, Citizenship and Feminist Theory, Phillips explores the notion that citizenship is no longer just viewed as one’s right to show up at a polling station every four or five years, but is an â€Å"evolving complex of civil, political and social rights† that calls for more active participation and â€Å"more substantial citizen involvement and control.† (Phillips, 1991b: 78) This then calls seriously into question any instance where a group is denied the required access to get involved and make a contribution, making them, by implication citizens of a lesser degree, if at all. Lowe Morna comments on this point that women are often â€Å"rendered non-citizens by their virtual non-participation in decision making.† (2004: 26) It is with this in mind that we turn our attention to the arguments for women’s representation, for what more fundamental way to be an active citizen than to represent one’s people in government. 3. Arguments for Women’s Representation While the need for women to be adequately represented in government may be as obvious to some as to defy the need for justification, there are no shortage of tangible reasons for those who are less certain. Phillips poses four arguments in her book, Engendering Democracy, why women should have equal representation to men. The first is a matter of democratic justice. Democracy claims to recognise the human rights of all individuals and this must necessarily include women. It is therefore a violation of human rights to exclude women from public representation just as much as when racial groups or ethnic minorities are given no political say. The second reason is utilitarian in nature, posing that it is an immense waste of knowledge, wisdom and skills to automatically exclude half the world’s population from your list of eligible politicians. As prior discussions on feminist ideologies have illuminated, women have a potentially vast and unique set of attributes to contribute to t he public sphere. This ties closely with the third justification for women’s representation, which is that women bring something distinctly different and unique to political positions. This is important both in recognising that women are different and cannot be adequately represented by males and in creating a socially balanced political arena. â€Å"The representation of women and the inclusion of their perspectives and experience into the decision-making process will inevitably lead to solutions that are more viable and satisfy a broader range of society. (Lowe Morna, 2004: 29) Finally, in a world still battling to attain social equality between the genders, having women represent their communities in government creates a vital role model for upcoming generations. (Phillips, 1991a) Phillips also makes rather astute reference to the renowned ‘for the people, by the people’ slogan, which is so widely associated with democracy, noting that in its truest sense, liberal democracy does not just promote a system that fights, or claims to, for the rights of all its citizens, but rather one in which all of those citizens have an equal say in the governing of their country. (1995: 28) If liberal society has, as it claims, acknowledged that old arguments that women are not possessed of similar reason or intellect to men are both incorrect and uncondonable, then it stands to reason that women are equally qualified and eligible for positions in the political arena. It therefore becomes a moot point to argue for women’s representation but is rather the responsibility of anyone opposed to the notion to offer valid justification for women’s exclusion. As logical or obvious as these arguments may seem, there is not a single country in the world that boasts equal gender representation at this time. There are a number of reasons for this that call into question just how democratic liberal democracy has proven to be for women. Aside from the very pervasive social barriers to women’s participation such as the perception that their characteristics are not suited to the task, that they lack confidence and the support of other women and that they have been socialised into a submissive mindset, there are various more tangible, political constraints as well. A new system of public management, dominant in most liberal democracies has witnessed the devaluation of policy-making expertise in government positions in favour of management skills, a dynamic that tends to marginalise those politicians bent on representing particular issues (which would include most female candidates) in favour of those with financial clout and the ability to outsource. In addition, female candidates suffer from a form of backlash politics where men in authority, closely protecting the old guard, actively prevent their progress. (Sawer, 2006: 121) These hurdles are compounded by theorists that claim that gender equality issues are special interest pleadings and should be treated as such rather than being given a seat in government and that enforcing women’s rights through the mechanisms of government undermines the very foundation of democracy by limiting the rights of the individual in favour of a group. The latter two arguments will be dealt with more extensively in the section on debates surrounding women’s representation, but the constraints mentioned as a collective lead us to explore the relationship between women’s rights and liberal democracy. 4. Liberal Democracy and Women’s Rights Liberal democracy, by its very definition, is both ideologically and pragmatically, a system of government that claims to protect above all else, the rights of the individual. It has as one of its founding tenants, the principle that all people are equal and have equal rights. It is disappointing then, to say the least, that even in countries that have been democracies for centuries, while all members of society have been formally recognised as equal, there are still vast numbers of citizens who do not have claim to the equal rights that should theoretically follow this recognition. In addition, there seems to be little urgency among governments across the globe to rectify this situation. This holds true for women who have been given the vote, but have only the option of voting for male dominated parties. There are theorists who say that this is not simply a failure to implement democracy, but resultant of ideals within the practice that fundamentally oppose equality. Mendus phrases it rather succinctly, claiming that â€Å"democracy is not something that, as a matter of unfortunate fact, has failed to deliver on its promises to women. It embodies ideals that guarantee that it will never deliver unless it embarks upon extensive critical examination of its own philosophical assumptions.† (1992: 208) These ideals include the continued emphasis on the public, private dichotomy, the opposition of the notions of individual rights and rights of minority groups, the ideology’s understanding of citizenship and the male norm as the basis for the entire philosophy. Earlier discussions on the nature of the democratic state revealed that the clear divide between the public and private sphere is not only a result of socially entrenched patriarchy but also a calculated formula that has allowed male dominated governments to legitimise violence, making it an integral part of any state, including modern day liberal democracies. This split effects women’s political rights on two fronts. Firstly, they are still, in a very real sense, perceived to be inferior citizens and the social inferiority that relegation to the private sphere perpetuates severely hinders their access to self-governance (the basis of democracy). As Phillips notes, â€Å"If the supposed equality of the vote is continually undermined by patterns of patronage and subservience and condescension, then society is not democratic.† (1991a: 159) Secondly and on a more practical note, women’s continued responsibilities in the home even in instances where they have entered the workplace, places a double burden or workload on them, restricting the time that they have available for involvement or participation in the political arena. In terms of democracy’s emphasis on the rights of the individual, it is important to note that the concept of an individual in this case is based on a male norm. The term is most often understood in a market context in terms of ownership and activity in the economic arena. Much of the effort that goes into supporting women’s rights in modern politics uses as a basis the fact that women were unfairly judged for being different or deviating from the norm, when in fact it is not the judgment that is the problem but the perception of that norm and women’s deviance from it. (Phillips, 1991a: 150) In this context, liberal democracy assumes success in achieving gender equity as having allowed women ‘into the club’ as it were, by creating employment equity laws and giving them the vote. The very notion of that ‘club’, however, and a male dominated government’s place to allow women to do anything, upholds the strongest notions of patriarc hy. Feminists themselves refer to this type of inclusion or progress for women as assimilation feminism, where women’s success is based on their ability to match up to men in a male defined world and it leads to another major conflict between liberal democratic theory and women’s rights, namely the concept of difference versus equality. Democracy has always held that a belief in equality implies a sameness about all citizens and that areas of difference, interpreted as deviance or disadvantage, should be downplayed or minimised. In order for democracy to truthfully reflect the diversity of modern day states, equality needs to be understood as being independent of, or existing in spite of differences. As Mendus points out, â€Å"where democratic theorists have urged that, in decisions about social policy, we should aim to minimise the disadvantages that spring from difference, feminists ask why such normal states as pregnancy should be categorised as disadvantages at a ll.† (1992: 213) When faced with all of this theory, it is important to remember that individual programmes such as quota systems cannot correct thousands of years of patriarchy in one swift move and that as long as they are making headway in leveling the playing field, they hold value. It is none-the-less, both edifying and helpful to know what the theoretical debates are. 5. Debates Surrounding Women’s Representation In a liberal democracy, where representatives in government are supposed to speak and act for the constituents who have voted them into power, women’s representation is, for many, not as simple as being merely right or wrong. There are several debates of legitimacy and effectiveness of women in government that deserve some attention. The first of these is the issue of women’s interests, which impacts on women’s representation in two ways. Firstly, there is the question of whether there is a common idea of what women’s interests are in any given country, given the diverse cultural and economic make up of most democracies, and secondly, the question is raised whether it is appropriate to use a seat in parliament, congress or similar government bodies to fight for what some people perceive to be special interests. For decades, when women across the globe faced, over and above their more personal experiences of oppression, the common obstacles of total political and economic exclusion, the notion of women’s interests could plausibly be defined as a single set of goals. With suffrage, however, and a fair amount of political and economic liberation, women now face the more intricate and personal portion of their oppression. This creates vast divides between women in varying racial, economic, ideological and religious groups. The likelihood, for example, of an African American, single mother working for minimum wage, a wealthy European stay-at-home mom and a single, lesbian British student sharing common experiences of oppression or fighting for similar goals is highly unlikely. As Philips states, representative democracy cannot produce a perfect reflection of society. (1991a: 14) Although it might be desirable to elect students, pensioners, unemployed, women and men in numbers that mirror their proportion in society there are some practical problems, which electoral systems face trying to increase women’s representation in Parliament. For example, there are no geographical concentrations that could form the basis for women’s constituencies and as long as voting is tied to localities, no women candidate can seriously present herself as representing women alone. The argument then, that women should have a face in government in order to advance the position of all women’s interests becomes an impossible one to justify. This point is illustrated when Dodson refers to a major study done on women in the 103rd and 104th USA congresses, and highlights how female representatives from the two parties and even within parties spend much time feuding bitterly over women’s issues. While Republican women may fight for harsher abortion laws, decreased welfare for single women and incentives for women to stay home with their children, female representativ es for the Democrats may find these notions as oppressive as any that a purely male government might endorse. (Dodson, 2006: 60) The logical rebuttal to this argument, however, lies quite simply in creating the male parallel. No man in government mirrors the profile, needs and beliefs of every man he represents. Quite simply with enough men and women in any parliamentary system, the best that any democracy can hope is that each of the predominant cultures, religions and classes within the country finds a voice. What one can be sure of, is that despite the commonly heard argument that a white man, if he is a responsible politician, will do everything he can to fight for the rights of a black women, women constitute half of every population and every group within that population, making it impossible to claim fair representation until they have an equal showing in the halls of parliament. Turning to the question of whether women in government should be focusing on women’s issues (would we, after all, want men in government fighting solely for the good of men?), critics argue that activists for any particular cause are non-representative of their people. Women are voted into positions of power by both the men and women in their regions and should, therefore focus on the needs of both. As Phillips notes, focusing on statistical representation and women working on gender specific policies can be seen to give credence to competing and exclusionary groups and can produce policy that divides people. (1995: 22) It is, on the other hand, impossible to deny that when weight has been given to one side of any political imbalance, time and effort is required to correct that balance. Therefore, just as it was necessary for the South African government post-1994 to put the weight of parliament and legislature behind combating the oppression so long institutionalised by Apart heid, so governments should necessarily legitimise and make room within their mechanisms for the correction of women’s oppression and exclusion. In doing this, they create a fairer society for all members of the country, both male and female. Interestingly, Dodson’s research showed that with an increase in women’s representation in Congress, there followed a definite increase in governmental focus on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic abuse and employment equity, and that those women undeniably effected both the researching and processing of the related policy as well as the final vote, seemingly putting paid to the notion that women’s interests can not be fairly represented just by putting women in government. 6. Quotas and Electoral Systems Today women constitute only 16% of the members of parliaments around the world with a mere six female head-of-state. (Dahlerup, 2006: 17) The concept of gender quotas for representation emerged in response to the under-representation of women in the formal political arena and involve the use of specified minimum levels of representation for each sex. Surprisingly, Rwanda has taken a world-wide lead in terms of women’s parliamentary representation with 48.8%. â€Å"Rwanda is an example of the new trend to use electoral gender quotas as a fast track to gender balance in politics.† (2006, Internet Source 1) Electoral quotas for women may be constitutional, legislative or in the form of a political party quotas. They can apply to the number of women candidates proposed by a party for election, or be in the form of reserved seats in the legislature. The use of quotas is the topic of much debate with strong arguments both for and against. It is difficult to prove the effectiveness of quotas due to the untenable nature of research regarding women’s impact on policy making. â€Å"Some research has suggested possible changes in the political attitudes of women and in the nature of public policies. However, the actual policy impact of the boost of women’s presence in parliament is still unclear. â€Å" (2006, Internet source 3) Lowe Morna refers to a study on women in the South African legislature, writing that â€Å"greater number of women in legislative bodies have resulted in increased attention to laws and policies dealing with families, women and children. (2004: 30) She also notes that evidence suggests that women can â€Å"impact the nature of the institution itself once they have critical mass.† In favour of a quota scheme implementation are arguments such as the belief that it is the most effective way of translating legal equality between men and women into de facto equality by guaranteeing women’s presence in leadership in the immediate term. By bolstering the number of women working together in parliament, quotas eliminate the stress placed on token female representatives who often find themselves simply towing the party line. (Dahlerup, 2006) The balance created by quotas can also be perceived as creating a good example and a starting point for increased women’s participation in all fields of life and commerce. Lowe Morna’s investigation into the effects of women in South African governmental institutions revealed that positive changes included infrastructure changes to the facilities themselves, more family-friendly hours and work environments, changes to the discursive style of parliamentary debates, an increase in the confidence of women in pow er to fight their causes and positive alterations in the attitudes of men in the environment. (2004: 38) When added to the actual laws and policies that have been created due to a female presence, supported by Dodson’s research on the 103rd and 104th USA Congress, this has to amount to a success story for women’s representation and the quota system. Opponents of quotas, a group composed of both men and women (some of them feminists), argue that they are discriminatory and elevate under-qualified women to power. There are also fears that the introduction of women’s quotas will lead to other groups – ethnic minorities, homosexuals, specific industries and the like – to demand their own quotas (an interesting reference back to the argument that women in parliament fighting for women’s rights amounts to giving special interest groups a place in government.) (2006, Internet source 2) In response to the argument that quotas are undemocratic as they don’t allow voters full control over whom they vote for, Dahlerup comments that political parties always choose the candidates on offer, so nothing is being removed from the power of the voter. In addition, to the theory that quotas allow people who are not necessarily qualified to achieve positions beyond their skill, she counters that representation in a democracy should be based on just that – representation: a shared experience with constituents and the intention to act on their behalf – rather than on qualifications alone. (Dahlerup, 2006) Other controversies include the perception that those elected to office by means of a quota will lack legitimacy and authority because the means of their election will be judged as unfair and manipulative. Quotas have been contested in courts and in industrial tribunal, for example, in the United Kingdom, in 1996, the Labour Party’s all women shortlists were ruled to be in breach of fair employment practices. (2006, Internet source 2) Even those who stand to benefit from quotas have their reservations, voicing concerns that stipulated targets turn a lower limit into a ceiling that should not be breached and focus on the ever controversial ‘category women . In addition, the implementation of quotas comes under scrutiny due to the fact that they are not necessarily self-executing. Under a list system, quotas only work if female candidates are placed in a favourable position on the list, under a single-member constituency system, they work only if the constituencies in which women stand are, in political terms, winnable seats. (2006, Internet source 2) With all of this theory in mind, it remains now to explore the actual effect of quotas on governments around the world. 7. Conclusion Having explored all of the debates and arguments, many of which concern themselves infinitely with semantics and apparent attempts at justifying existing beliefs or structures, it is impossible to deny the basic right of women to be equally represented in and by their governments. Any notion that this can be done effectively in systems where they either comprise a minority portion of parliaments or where they operate within the rigidity of male rules and power plays is absurd. This means that liberal democracies have to rethink existing paradigms and find a way to change both the ideas and principles they promote in terms of a women’s value as well as the mechanisms that govern how the country is represented and run. It is at this juncture that quota systems take their place and while they can not be saddled with the responsibility of correcting women’s political oppression entirely (they do not pretend to be an all-encompassing solution to a centuries-old injustice) th ey have value in speeding up the corrective process necessary for true ideological change. As to how quotas, and in fact the presence of women in government at all, effect the outcome of policy making, we have noted how difficult this is to measure. However, if democracy is founded on the principle of fair representation for all then, as Lowe Morna notes, â€Å"women have a right to equal participation in political decision making, whether they make a difference or not.† (2004: 27) There is, however, no clearly defined and universal concept of quotas as they are conceived and implemented with very different contexts in individual countries. Quotas in themselves do not remove all the other barriers for womens full citizenship. In order to be truly effective, â€Å"it is important that quotas are not just imposed from above, but rest on grass root mobilization of women and the active participation of womens organizations.† (Dahlerup, 2006) (Word Count: 4 371) 9. Bibliography Dahlerup, D. (ed) 2006. Women, Quotas and Politics. Routledge, London. Dodson, DL. 2006. The Impact of Women in Congress. Oxford University Press, New York. Held, D. 1991. â€Å"Between State and Civil Society: Citizenship† in Andrews, G (ed). Citizenship. Lawrence and Wishart, London. Lowe Morna, C. 2004. Ringing up the Changes. Gender Links, Johannesburg Mendus, S. 1992. â€Å"Losing the Faith: Feminism and Democracy† in Dunn, J. Democracy the Unfinished Journey. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Pateman, C. 1989. The Disorder of Women: Democracy Feminism and Political Theory. Stanford University Press, Stanford California. Phillips, A. 1991a. Engendering Democracy. Polity Press, Cambridge. Phillips, A. 1991b. â€Å"Citizenship and Feminist Theory† in Andrews, G. (ed) Citizenship. Lawrence and Wishart, London. Phillips, A. 1993. Democracy and Difference. Polity Press, Cambridge. Phillips, A. 1995. The Politics of Presence. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Sawer, M. 2006. â€Å"From Women’s Interests to Special Interests: Reframing Equality Claims† in Chappell, L and L. Hill (eds). The Politics of Women’s Interests. Routladge, Oxford Vickers, J. 2006. â€Å"The Problem with Interests: Making Political Claims for Women† in Chappell, L and L. Hill (eds). The Politics of Women’s Interests. Routladge, Oxford Websites â€Å"Women, Quotas and Politics.† Internet Source 1, accessed 08 September 2006. quotaproject.org/aboutQuotas.cfm â€Å"Quotas: a Key to Equality?† Internet Source 2, accessed 08 September 2006. statsvet.su.se/hemsidor/drude_dahlerup_right.htm â€Å"Gender Quotas in a Comparative Perspective.† Internet Source 3, accessed 08 September 2006. www.essex.ac.uk//women/workingPapers/Gender_Quotas_in_a_Comparative_Perspective_oct2002 Research Papers on Political Representation for WomenBringing Democracy to Africa19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesQuebec and CanadaThe Fifth Horseman

Battle of Chapultepec in the Mexican-American War

Battle of Chapultepec in the Mexican-American War The Battle of Chapultepec was fought September 12-13, 1847, during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). With the start of the war in May 1846, American troops led by Major General Zachary Taylor scored quick victories at the Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma before crossing the Rio Grande to strike the fortress city of Monterrey. Assaulting Monterrey in September 1846, Taylor captured the city after a costly battle. After the Monterreys capitulation, he annoyed President James K. Polk when he gave the Mexicans an eight-week armistice and permitted Monterreys defeated garrison to go free.   With Taylor and his army holding Monterrey, debate commenced in Washington regarding American strategy moving forward. Following these conversations, it was decided that a campaign against the Mexican capital at Mexico City would be critical to winning the war. As a 500-mile march from Monterrey over difficult terrain was recognized as impractical, the decision was made to land an army on the coast near Veracruz and march inland. This choice made, Polk was next required to select a commander for the campaign. Scotts Army Though popular with his men, Taylor was an ardent Whig who had publicly criticized Polk on several occasions. Polk, a Democrat, would have preferred a member of his own party, but lacking a qualified candidate, he chose Major General Winfield Scott.   A Whig, Scott was seen as posing less of a political threat. To create Scotts army, the bulk of Taylors veteran units were directed to the coast. Left south of Monterrey with a small force, Taylor successfully defeated a much larger Mexican force at the Battle of Buena Vista in February 1847. Landing near Veracruz in March 1847, Scott captured the city and began marching inland. Routing the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo the following month, he drove towards Mexico City winning battles at Contreras and Churubusco in the process. Nearing the edge of the city, Scott attacked the Molino del Rey (Kings Mills) on September 8, 1847, believing there to be a cannon foundry there. After hours of heavy fighting, he captured the mills and destroyed the foundry equipment. The battle was one of the bloodiest of conflict with the Americans suffering 780 killed and wounded and the Mexicans 2,200. Next Steps Having taken Molino del Rey, American forces had effectively cleared many of the Mexican defenses on the western side of the city with the exception of Chapultepec Castle. Situated atop a 200-foot hill, the castle was a strong position and served as the Mexican Military Academy. It was garrisoned by fewer than 1,000 men, including the corps of cadets, led by General Nicols Bravo. While a formidable position, the castle could be approached via a long slope from Molino del Rey. Debating his course of action, Scott called a council of war to discuss the armys next steps. Meeting with his officers, Scott favored assaulting the castle and moving against the city from the west. This was initially resisted as the majority of those present, including Major Robert E. Lee, desired to attack from the south. In the course of the debate, Captain Pierre G.T. Beauregard offered an eloquent argument in favor of the western approach which swung many of the officers into Scotts camp. The decision made, Scott began planning for the assault on the castle. For the attack, he intended to strike from two directions with one column approaching from the west while the other struck from the southeast. Armies Commanders United States Major General Winfield Scott7,180 men Mexico General Antonio Lopez de Santa AnnaGeneral Nicholas Bravoaround 1,000 men near Chapultepec The Assault At dawn on September 12, American artillery began firing on the castle. Firing through the day, it halted at nightfall only to resume the next morning. At 8:00 AM, Scott ordered the firing to stop and directed the attack to move forward. Advancing east from Molino del Rey, Major General Gideon Pillows division pushed up the slope spearheaded by an advance party led by Captain Samuel Mackenzie. Advancing north from Tacubaya, Major General John Quitmans division moved against Chapultepec with Captain Silas Casey leading the advance party. Pushing up the slope, Pillows advance successfully reached the walls of the castle but soon stalled as Mackenzies men had to wait for the storming ladders to be brought forward. To the southeast, Quitmans division encountered a dug-in Mexican brigade at the intersection with the road leading east into the city. Ordering Major General Persifor Smith to swing his brigade east around the Mexican line, he directed Brigadier General James Shields to take his brigade northwest against Chapultepec. Reaching the base of the walls, Caseys men also had to wait for ladders to arrive. Ladders soon arrived on both fronts in large numbers allowing the Americans to storm over the walls and into the castle. The first over the top was Lieutenant George Pickett. Though his men mounted a spirited defense, Bravo was soon overwhelmed as the enemy attacked on both fronts. Pressing the assault, Shields was severely wounded, but his men succeeded in pulling down the Mexican flag and replacing it with the American flag. Seeing little choice, Bravo ordered his men to retreat back to the city but was captured before he could join them (Map). Exploiting the Success Arriving on the scene, Scott moved to exploit the capture of Chapultepec. Ordering Major General William Worths division forward, Scott directed it and elements of Pillows division to move north along the La Verà ³nica Causeway then east to assault the San Cosmà © Gate. As these men moved out, Quitman re-formed his command and was tasked with moving east down the Belà ©n Causeway to conduct a secondary attack against the Belà ©n Gate. Pursuing the retreating Chapultepec garrison, Quitmans men soon encountered Mexican defenders under General Andrà ©s Terrà ©s. Using a stone aqueduct for cover, Quitmans men slowly drove the Mexicans back to the Belà ©n Gate. Under heavy pressure, the Mexicans began to flee and Quitmans men breached the gate around 1:20 PM. Guided by Lee, Worths men did not reach the intersection of the La Verà ³nica and San Cosmà © Causeways until 4:00 PM. Beating back a counterattack by Mexican cavalry, they pushed towards the San Cosmà © Gate but took heavy losses from the Mexican defenders. Fighting up the causeway, American troops knocked holes in the walls between buildings to advance while avoiding Mexican fire. To cover the advance, Lieutenant Ulysses S. Grant hoisted a howitzer to the bell tower of the San Cosmà © church and began firing on the Mexicans. This approach was repeated to the north by US Navy Lieutenant Raphael Semmes. The tide turned when Captain George Terrett and a group of US Marines were able to attack the Mexican defenders from the rear. Pushing forward, Worth secured the gate around 6:00 PM. Aftermath In the course of the fighting at the Battle of Chapultepec, Scott suffered around 860 casualties while Mexican losses are estimated at around 1,800 with an additional 823 captured. With the citys defenses breached, Mexican commander General Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna elected to abandon the capital that night. The following morning, American forces entered the city. Though Santa Anna conducted a failed siege of Puebla shortly thereafter, large-scale fighting effectively ended with Mexico Citys fall. Entering into negotiations, the conflict was ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in early 1848. The active participation in the fighting by the US Marine Corps led to the opening line of the Marines Hymn, From the Halls of Montezuma...

Literature review saudi arabian culture Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Saudi arabian culture - Literature review Example that the Western understanding of Muslim women appears unduly influenced and limited by evidence from only a few regions of Saudi Arabia2. The social science scholarship most familiar to the West about Muslim women seems to focus disproportionately on the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA). Often seen as the land of Muslim excellence, ‘MENA’ is in fact home to fewer than 20 percent of the world’s Muslims. Nevertheless, it is an unfortunate reality that women in Saudi Arabian society, and in its local communities, face gender-based inequalities associated with Saudi’s so-called ‘patriarchal gender system.3’ Aspects of this originally pre-capitalist system persist in rural areas across a wide swath of lands, both Muslim and non-Muslim, from East Asia to North Africa. The Saudi Arabian social system, regardless of its religion, features and encourages kin-based extended families, male domination, early marriage (and consequent high fertili ty), restrictive codes of female conduct, the linkage of family honour with female virtue, and occasionally, polygamous family structure. In all Muslim areas, veiling and sex-segregation generally form part of the gender system.4 The seclusion of women from the rest of the world alongside the concurrent ban on sexualisation of women in the public eye has led to increased levels of sexual violence and abuse directed towards both women and children5. It is only recently that researchers have uncovered more accurate statistics on the occurrence of this abhorrent violence following the establishment of human rights based projects and refuges to rescue and protect women and children as well as to promote the welfare of the wider-public in general. 1) General Theoretical Background: Women and Gender An important foundation for the study of women and gender is to be found in the feminist literature of the 1970s. Around this time scientists had begun to untangle the complex interplay betwee n biological gender differences, and the abstract concept of gender, which is now a socially determined construct imposed on all human beings from the moment they are born. (Maccoby and Jacklin, 1974) Terminology such as ‘the sexual revolution’ (Millet, 1970) were used to describe the birth of consciousness about women’s subordination to men in patriarchal societies and many aspects of women’s lives were re-examined in this light. This analysis is similar to some Marxist ideas because it identifies the concentration of wealth and power in one area as the source of oppression: â€Å"the position of women in patriarchy is a continuous function of their economic dependence.† (Millet: 1970) Another American feminist studied the ways in which women in patriarchal societies are conditioned to adopt domestic and subservient roles, stressing the social constraints, which are described as â€Å"a comfortable concentration camp.† (Friedan: 1963, p. 438 ) Later, scholars moved away from

Tax Evation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tax Evation - Essay Example The Congress, the White House, and the Supreme Court cannot meet and do their businesses. As it is, taxes are the lifeblood of every government. However, people continuously exert their best efforts to evade taxes. They pursue different avenues in order to minimize, if not entirely avoid payment of taxes. Different styles or strategies have been used in order to attain this end. One, underreporting of incomes - usually, this strategy is being used by businesses, whether sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation. This of course cannot be attained without the assistance of the accountants. The latter manipulate the income to be reported by the business so that liability for taxes would be lesser. In some countries, double numbering of official receipts are made so that only half of the transactions are officially entered into the entry book of the company. Only those transactions which involve important personalities or companies are being recorded officially so that in case of emergency examination of books, the said transactions can be easily traced. Those involving small transactions with not so familiar customers remain unrecorded, or will be recorded only in the unofficial record. Two, overstating deductions and exemptions - again, these cannot be done without the faithful assistance of the so-called accountants who creatively emphasize items of deduction and exempted transactions from the profit or income. Others are so enterprising that they take time to establish allegedly non-government organizations which are of course tax-exempt. Thru the latter, they conduct businesses without the threat of tax liabilities. The otherwise regular businesses are done with a claim that they are being made for some philanthropic objectives. Three, failure to file the necessary returns - this results to absolutely tax-free transactions. Underground economy plays a big role in this strategy. With absolutely no permits and licenses, those engaged in this enjoy the tax -free business as long as they are not caught by the authorities. Despite the fact that their income/capital involves only a small amount of money as compared to the legitimate businesses, if summed up, theirs will constitute a big portion of the revenues that the government could otherwise have received. Tax evasion plays a very important role in the economy. First, it definitely reduces the tax collections of the government, resulting to gross reduction of the public services that the government could have rendered to its constituents as the government should make do with its available resources. Second, it modifies the distribution of wealth in the society. Businessmen indulged in the same line of business would be on unequal footing since the tax-compliant ones have to shoulder additional expense for the payment of taxes while the tax evaders continue to enjoy their profits without entailing the same or similar expense. Third, it impinges on the accuracy of macroeconomic statistics. The tendency to commit tax evasion is caused by many factors, among them are: 1) high tax rates - the higher the taxes to be paid, the more likely the taxpayers would evade its payment as the same would greatly affect their finances; 2) minimal penalties - tax evaders are not afraid of the penalties in case they get caught since most of the time, penalties are limited to civil ones and tax