Quantitative research

Quantitative research Introduction (150) Quantitative research is the investigation of phenomena that give themselves to exact measurement and quantification, which attached a rigorous and controlled design (Polit Beck 2008). Its has main purpose is to measure concept or variables objectively in numerical and statistical process, also relationship between variables (Parahoo 2006). The research methods are obtained from research design and generally include sample, intervention (if applicable), instruments, data collection, and data analysis (eds. Joyce Meredith 2006). In many instances, the quantitative research needs such as questionnaires or interview, computers and large sample sizes. This article is to explore of a quantitative research by Kalij and William (2009) the view of its data objectivity, sample size and selection, process data collection, data presentation and analysis, using the relevant references to support this discussion. The objectives are to prove with evidences if the Khalij and Williams study (2009) fulfills the requirements of quantitative research. Objectivity (150) Objectivity is amount of involvement of the researcher relates during the collection and analysis of the data (Marcella n.d.a). Polit and Beck (2008) argued objectivity meant researcher tend to stay away any impression of subjectivity or impersonal during study process. Parahoo (2006) explained the data which collected and analyzed are expected to be free from bias between researcher and participants. It means the researcher is detached or does not active participate from practice and there is no intervention between researcher and participant. Also the participants use the same actual measurements for data collection. Further the bias of research can be minimized and the objectivity of the study can be maximized. In The Kalish and Williams study (2009) showed that they did not participate and used measurements to collect the data. It showed in their study that during data collection, they involved staff nurses in four hospitals and used psychometric testing tool. Hard data (148) Hard data is characteristic of quantitative study. Polit and Beck (2008) said that quantitative data are the information obtained during process of study course in a quantified (numeric value). (Janet Houser 2008) argued the other numerical data specific patients symptoms put in rank order the scales which contained intervals, comparisons between subjects. Other instance the researchers with rigorously designed tools should be able to grasp the reality (Parahoo 2006). For example scale of depression and pain in numeric value. That means the data can be measured and quantified in some way. In the nursing practice we always face with the hard data. For instance are physical (height, weight, gender), physiological (vital signs, laboratory results, visual acuity), past medical histories, psychological and social or behavior. This data are shown in Kalish and Williams study (2009) during their study while collected data: sample size, genders, experience, education degree, and work location in quantified data. Statistic (142) Statistic is very important aspect in the quantitative research. After data are collected can be analyzed using statistic and presented in numerical form. Polit and Beck (2008) said that statistic is an estimate of a parameter, calculated from sample data. They emphasized statistics are used to test hypotheses and evaluate the believability of the finding. Researchers usually use statistical computer to expedite calculation and ensure accuracy (ed. Joyce and Meredith 2006). They mentioned statistic methods are used in every process include in the final report to search the correlations, comparisons of means, trend and significance of finding to refute hypothesis. Its reinforce that statistic is one of characteristic in quantitative research. Its applied in Kalishs study process while selecting data sampling and analyzing data which showed in the tables and the data was analyzed by statistical computer, descriptive statistic and inferential statistic. Sample selection (269) Janet Holt (2009, p. 235) said that sampling is the process to select a small group of participant for study with the goal of making generalization from large population based on findings. Polit and Beck (2008) argued that sampling is the process of selecting portion of the population to represent from the entire population element. There are differentiation ways in sample selection; sampling designs, sample size and sampling steps. Polit and Beck (2008) mentioned that there are two sampling designs; probability sampling and non probability sampling. Probability sampling contents; simple random, stratified random, cluster and systemic sampling. The non probability sampling has contents; convenience, quota and purposive sampling. Janet Houser (2008) explained sample size in quantitative research to determine sample in adequacy is power. Its an analysis to indicate the large of sample which needed to adequately detect a difference in result variable. Polit and Beck (2008) suggested the steps in this research sampling as follow; the population identify, the specific eligibility criteria, the specific sampling plan and sample recruitment. They emphasized researcher during sample recruitment to gain the participant cooperation use means of courtesy, persistence, incentives, research benefits, sharing results, convenience, and endorsement. This study sample collection was implemented in the kalishstudy. They used random sampling to collect the participant data from four hospitals in different unit. The study used N symbol which designed for the total number, and n symbol is designed for number of subject. They took large sample size with total samples (N=1098). They applied ratio of sample size during sample collection. They gained the participant cooperation which provided incentives (jumbo-sized candy and bar a pizza party). Data collection (285) Parahoo (2006) said data collection is methods to measure the data sampling which utilized the instrument tools: questionnaires, observation schedule and other measuring tools. He emphasized that the methods should be predetermined, structured and standardized. Polit and Beck (2003) developed data collection plan include identifying data needs, selecting types of measures, selecting and developing instruments, pre testing the data collection package, and developing data collection forms and procedures. They stressed Important aspects should be considered while implementing the data collection plans are the selecting research personal and personal and the training data collector. Nancy and Susan (2007) explained data collection is the process of obtaining the subject and collecting the data for the research. They explained five tasks during data collection process: recruiting subjects, maintaining consistency, maintaining controls, protecting study integrity, and solving the problem. Structure, quantifiability, obstrusiveness, and objectivity are important elements when selecting data collection instruments (Marcella n.d.a). We have to understand and maintain the important dimension the data collection methods when applied in the data collection plan, and implementing. The obtained data should be accurate, valid, and meaningful to respond the questions. Kalish and William implemented the data collection process in their study. They applied the approaching methods to maintain the important dimensions in data collection such as a tool of missed nursing care and reason for missed care. The Data collection plan used to identify data needs for instance in the describing sample characteristic of participants (table 2.). They construct the tool in their survey to gain the quantify data. While implementing data collection, they selected research personal is staff nurse experts. The training data collector was done which distributed a copy of tool, informed consent form and a letter explaining the study. Data analysis and presentation (299) Joyce and Meredith (ed. 2006) said data analysis is a systematic method of examining data gathered for any research investigation to support hypothesis. This system implements in the data analysis process: the data analysis preparation, the sample description, reliability of measurement test, exploratory analysis conduction, exploratory analysis, confirmatory analysis and posthoc analysis conduction (Nancy Susan 2007). Parahoo (2006) stated analysis data can be obtained from measurement level, and then analyzed with statistical level. He mentioned two statistic levels those are descriptive statistic and inferential statistic. There are several statistical computer programs (SPSS, SAS, LISREL, EQS, etc) which help the researcher to calculate these test statistics and their sampling distribution (eds. Joyce Meredith 2006). Marcella (n.d.b) explained there are two types of inferential statistics are parametric (t-test, ANOVA, Multiple regressions) and non parametric (Chi-square, Rank Correlation, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis). Quantitative research result may be presented in the tables, charts and graphs (Michael, Patricia Frances, 2007, cited Russell, 2005). In conclusion that data analysis is systemic method of examination data started from data collection which used measurement level then data were analyzed by statistical level and presented in the tables, charts and graphs to support hypothesis. Kalish and Williams study (2009) implemented the data analysis process which utilized measurement level and statistical level which completed using SPSS in their study. First step is checking of data accuracy using ordinal scale. The second is describing sample, they use central tendency and dispersion to test the contrast validity. The third is testing the reliability of measurement, they applied cronbach alpha coefficient. Fourth they conducted exploratory analysis as the extraction technique and varimax as orthogonal rotation method, also analyzed using oblique rotation. Fifth they conducted the confirmatory analysis used AMOS version 16. Last step they used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to conduct posthoc analysis. Result study was presented in the table presentation. Conclusion (118) This essay has tried to explore the Kalish and Williams study (2009) about the development and psychometric testing of a tool to measure missed nursing care. Their study has approached and fulfilled the major requirement of quantitative research characteristics that include objectivity, hard data and statistic. They applied quantitative study process which consists of conceptual, design and planning, empirical, analytic and dissemination phase as suggested by Polit and Beck (2004). They also utilized data analysis process of Nancy and Susan (2008). In general view of Kalish and Williams study (2009) has applied the quantitative research systematically. Improvement progress monitoring was done, but effectiveness overview the tool is still recommended to apply in the base practice for long period. References: 1. Carol L. Macnee Susan Mc. Cabe (2008) Understanding nursing research: using research in evidence-base practice, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott and William a Wolter Kluwer Business. 2. Denise F, Polit Cheryl Tatano Beck (2010) Essentials of nursing research: appraising evidence for nursing practice, 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincot William Wilkins. 3. Denise F, Polit Cheryl Tatano Beck (2008) Nursing research: generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincot William Wilkins. 4. Denise F, Polit Cheryl Tatano Beck (2003) Nursing research: principle and methods, 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincot William Wilkins. 5. Kader Parahoo (2006) Nursing research principles, process and issues, 2nd ed. Hamspire: Palgrave Macmillan. 6. Janet Holt (2009) Reading research series quantitative research: an overview, British Journal of Cardiac Nursing, Vol. 4(5), pp. 234-236. 7. Janet Houser (2008) Nursing research: reading, using and creating evidence, Jones and Bartlett Publisher, Sudbury. 8. Joyce J.F. Meredith W. (eds) 2006, Encyclopedia of nursing, 2nd ed. New York: Springer Publishing. 9. Marcella Hart (n.d.a) Birthing a research project: data collection, International Journal of Childbirth Education, Vol. 22(3) pp. 27-31. 10. Marcella Hart (n.d.b) Birthing a research project: data analysis, International Journal of Childbirth Education, Vol. 22(4), pp. 24-28. 11. Michael Coughlan, Patricia Cronin Frances Ryan (2007) Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. part 1: quantitative research, British Journal of Nursing, Vol. 16(11), pp. 658-663. 12. Nancy Burns Susan K. Grove (2007) Understanding nursing research: building an evidence-base practice, 4th ed. Missouri, Saunders an Imprint of Elsevier.

Unit 74

Unit 74 – Support individuals to live at home Understand the principles of supporting individuals to live at home 1. 1 Describe how being supported at home can benefit an individual There are a few examples of how being supported at home can be beneficial: * More independence * More time spent with loved ones * A greater sense of normality * Able to maintain a little more control over daily routine * Surrounded by own possessions with fond memories etc * No interruptions or noise from other ‘patients or residents' * More likely to get visits from friends and family Some people don't like hospitals etc. 1. 2 Compare the roles of people and agencies who may be needed to support an individual to live at home 1. 3 Explain the importance of providing information about benefits, allowances and financial planning which could support individuals to live at home 1. 4 Explain how Risk-management contributes to supporting individuals to live at home Be able to contribute to plannin g support for living at home 2. 1 Identify with an individual the strengths, skills and existing networks they have that could support them to live at home 2. Identify with an individual their needs that may require additional support and their preferences for how the needs may be met 2. 3 Agree with the individual and others the risks that need to be managed in living at home and ways to address them Be able to work with individuals to secure additional services and facilities to enable them to live at home 3. 1 Support the individual and others to access and understand information about resources, services and facilities available to support the individual to live at home 3. Work with the individuals and others to select resources, services and facilities that will meet the individual’s needs and minimise risks 3. 3 Contribute to completing paperwork to apply for required resources, facilities and services in a way that promotes active participation 3. 4 Obtain permission t o provide additional information about the individual in order to secure resources, services and facilities Be able to work in partnership to introduce additional services for individuals living at home 4. 1 Agree roles and responsibilities for introducing dditional support for an individual to live at home 4. 2 Introduce the individual to new resources, services and facilities or support groups 4. 3 Record and report on the outcomes on additional support measures in required ways Be able to contribute to reviewing support for living at home 5. 1 Work with the individual and others to agree methods and timescales for ongoing review 5. 2 Identify any changes in an individual’s circumstances that may indicate a need to adjust the type or level of support 5. 3 Work with the individual and others to agree revisions to the support provided

Kaplan Scavenger Hunt Paper Analysis - 1482 Words

Kaplan Scavenger Hunt Paper The Kaplan website offers a wealth of information and helpful tools for nursing students. The videos in the How to Study section offer practical advice for beginning nursing students and those who might be struggling with topics such as, Taking Notes, Studying, Reading Textbooks, Time Management, and Preparing for the Exam. The Remediation by Topic section offers students summaries of topics like Confidentiality, Critical Thinking Skills, and HIPAA. The Focused Review Test section offers an option to create a test to use as a study aid. This paper will give a summary of the topics, Critical Thinking Skills, the NCLEX-RN, and Therapeutic Communication. This paper will also discuss which methods are the†¦show more content†¦The SQ3R method (survey, questions, read, recite, and review), or the P.O.R.P.E. method (predict, organizing, rehearse, practice, and evaluate) are methods which can help to make reading textbooks more useful. Time Management Nursing students must learn to manage their time effectively to be able to handle the heavy load of coursework, and clinical requirements that they have and they will continue to use those skills once they are practicing as a nurse. Eliminating distractions, setting boundaries, and scheduling are key to time management (Kaplan, n.d.). Time management requires prioritizing tasks, removing distractions, and planning. Using both a master and weekly calendar as well as setting clear boundaries with family and friends are integral to time management. Exam Preparation During exam prep, students should review notes and keywords, and clear up confusing concepts (Kaplan, n.d.). Knowing what kind of test the student is preparing for will help to determine if concepts should be broad or more detailed and focused (Billings, 2007). Students should pay attention to their physical health by eating well and getting regular exercise (Kaplan, n.d.). One of the best ways for students to ensure their mental health and to reduce test taking anxiety is to be over-prepared for the test (Nugent and Vitale, 2016). Management of Care Prioritizing Nursing Care Nurses who care for multiple patients must be able toShow MoreRelatedCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 PagesCase Studies C-1 INTRODUCTION Preparing an effective case analysis C-3 CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3 CASE 4 CASE 5 CASE 6 CASE 7 ABB in China, 1998 C-16 Ansett Airlines and Air New Zealand: A flight to oblivion? C-31 BP–Mobil and the restructuring of the oil refining industry C-44 Compaq in crisis C-67 Gillette and the men’s wet-shaving market C-76 Incat Tasmania’s race for international success: Blue Riband strategies C-95 Kiwi Travel International Airlines Ltd C-105 CASE 8 Beefing up the beefless

Combatting the Issue of Human Trafficking - 1294 Words

Many organizations have formed to establish several resolutions for combating the issue of human trafficking , both locally and nationally. I chose to investigate two existing social awareness campaigns located in Ohio. The reasons I decided to explore these two organizations is because of the obvious, that my classmates and I are in the state of Ohio but overall, it is due to the fact that this state ranks number five in the nation for human trafficking. There are explanations behind the ranking of Ohio for this issue. The first explanation is due to the inner city centers and country counties, which included a big immigrant population. The second explanation is due to five main highways located throughout Ohio. These highways make it convenient for human traffickers (Ohio State Bar Association, 2014). The first campaign is called Second Chance, and it is located in Toledo, Ohio. 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AIDS Case Study Essay - 2196 Words

Client Profile: Mr. Thomas is a 42 year old man admitted to the hospital with complaints of shortness of breath, fever, fatigue and oral thrush. The health care provider reviews the laboratory and diagnostic tests with Mr. Thomas and informs him he has pneumonia and is HIV positive. Mr. Thomas believes that he contracted HIV while involved in an affair with another woman three years ago. He is afraid to tell his wife, knowing she will be angry and that she may leave him. Case Study: The nurse assigned to care for Mr. Thomas reads in the medical record (chart) that he learned two days ago he was HIV positive. There is a note in the record that indicates that Mr. Thomas has not told his wife the diagnosis. To complete a†¦show more content†¦3. Discuss the ethical dilemmas inherent in this case. HIV disclosure is defined as a complex and multifaceted process of making a voluntary or involuntary decision about whom to inform about ones status, why, when, where and how . 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Democracy †Essay Free Essays

That is to say we want to analyze the meaning of democracy and its efferent forms, study its efficiency (so to say), ponder over its limitations and compare It to other forms of government. Whether democracy was conceived of In Athens, Sparta or India Is not a topic of Interest In this paper (although there may be references to historical events In the evolution of the Idea when pertinent). What does democracy mean? Democracy comes from the Greek â€Å"rule of the people†. We will write a custom essay sample on Democracy – Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now But as I searched for a definition of democracy in the course of research for this paper, a consistent deflation of it seemed to elude me. So we must examine some of these definitions ND try to find a core to the idea of democracy, if there exists one. Bunch of different ideas and quotes are out thro on internet †¦ Put about 4-5 of them here and discuss if them from a current or historical perspective.. Vive written down one for u: â€Å"The right to dissent without repercussions to one’s personal well-being is the core value of Democracy’ * Nathan Shrank Discuss quotes such as this to evaluate how these Ideas are Implemented In practice.. All this should take up about 500 words.. The only core value seems to be people get to elect their government.. How much of he peoples rights are respected after that greatly varies.. Forms of democracy Representative.. Constitutes parliamentary and liberal(most democracies are these) Constitutional Direct Socialist Totalitarian .. Discuss all these†¦ About 300 words.. A critique of democracy An illusion â€Å"There was no stone-pelting, nothing. There was no curfew They fired indiscriminately. † (http://www. Lengthened. Co. UK/news/world/salsa/Kashmir-burns- again-as-India-responds-to-dullest-Walt-violence-2045905. HTML). The above was said by Abdul Rasher, a Kashmir youth whose friend was gunned down by Indian army officials for holding a peaceful, nonviolent, anti-government rally in the summer of 2010 But tons was not an anomaly In ten process AT democracy In IANAL . Kashmir still remains the most militaries zone in the world with about a half a million troops on active duty (for the sake of comparison, the United States had about 165,000 troops in Iraq at its peak)(I read these fugues on CIA. Gob.. I don’t remember the exact link ). How is that a government for the people is killing its own citizens for holding a nonviolent demonstration? How is such a huge implementation of a province in a democracy justified? Even a basic understanding of the ideas of freedom and liberty that democracy entails shows how abhorrent these actions are. But these things happen, not Just in India, but in other developed counties like the United States Pansies Americans in 1942), where the rights of their citizens are violated Just when they would want to exercise them. So one must ask, are democracies really for the people? A study of history of government brutality in countries like India and the United States seem to suggest otherwise. The almost forceful takeaway of land by the Indian government in eastern India from farmers (actions which directly led to the Nasality-Moist insurgency, something the current prime minister of India called â€Å"the single biggest internal security challenge ever faced by our country. â€Å"( http:// www. Ploughshares. Ca/libraries/Execrate/CAR-Lillian. HTML)), seem to suggest otherwise. The locking up of Japanese Americans in internment camps in 1942 by Franklin Roosevelt and the Unites States government seem to suggest otherwise. The indiscriminate shooting of unarmed, nonviolent Kashmir youths (some as young as 9 ears old)shouting â€Å"Acadia! Said! â€Å"(â€Å"freedom! Freedom! â€Å") by Indian security officials seem to suggest otherwise. One gets the idea. So maybe people like Vilified Parent and Agitate Masc. are correct after all. The masses are always characterized by apathy and division, the powers to be by drive and unity (Femme, Joseph V. â€Å"Against the Masses†, Oxford 2001). Maybe all democracy does is shift the power scale, from domination by a despotic leader to manipulation by a democratic government. Maybe the people don’t really have much of a say after all. Maybe it’s Just an illusion. Majority rule Majority always gets its way.. Discuss gay rights.. Civil rights in us.. Women’s rights historically.. Religious parties like ship seen in Iambi.. Rising intolerance of secularism in India.. Majority rule can get tyrannical and the minority issues ignored when people get to decide resolutions to minority issues. The irrational voter â€Å"The best argument against democracy is a five minute conversation with the average voter. † – Winston Churchill Talk about how the common man is largely ignorant about serious issues and hence can vote against his/her interests.. An greatly discuss the recent midterms in us to make this point†¦ Basically our saying if we must solve economic issues we talk to economist.. If we must solve environmental issues we talk to climate scientists.. If we are talking bat what to teach in science class we take the consensus of scientist not what the common people of the state think (talk bat teaching creationism in school s.. A lot of states in us have majority of it people wanting creationism be taught as science even though almost no scientist believe it to be science)†¦ Not everything should be up for a vote†¦.. Economically inefficient Our a better person to write bat this Idealistic now Its Nora to apply macerate principles In practice†¦ Corrupt officials.. Apathetic citizens.. Uprisings etc.. Instable Frequent elections make the government instable†¦ Castillo of examples on the internet bat this.. Best we have? â€Å"It has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried. â€Å"- Winston Churchill Compare democracy to other forms of governments like dictatorships, communist states, anarchist, socialist,etc.. Define ND discuss each with respect to western liberal democracy.. Eve done some of it for anarchist Anarchist – Anarchists are those who advocate the absence of the state, arguing that common sense would allow people to come together in agreement to form a functional society allowing for the participants to freely develop their own sense of morality, ethics or principled behavior. (from wisped). One such current s ociety is Somalia, and it would not be hyperbole to suggest they are not doing very well. The lack of a state and police have led to nationwide lawlessness, violence and parallel the country into utter chaos. I think Somalia really characterizes the severe consequences of not having a state and is not a direction one would want their country to go in. Giving people all the power has resulted in the most powerful and the most brutal of them to take power and the rest of people losing all freedom(ironically). Conclusion/reflections Every form of government has been deemed the best by its people at its peak of popularity (the soviets considered socialism to be the best form of government until the collapse of USSR). Democracy might be the best we have, but not the best we could do. It needs to evolve as times and conditions change. When fissures arise in its implications, they must be aptly addressed instead of wallowing in the supposed preferences of democracy by saying things like â€Å"Hey, its the best we have†. But most of all people need to realize that the power that comes with democracy is not a privilege, it’s a duty that must be exercised to give it any real meaning. People need to understand the violent convulsions the state of things have gone through so they ay live in a democracy, it is not something to be taken for granted. People need to substitute their subservience with an exertion of their hard won independence. But I must confess, all the above paragraph may Just be an empty howl to the tamed and the satisfied population that constitutes most modern democracies. We may have already fulfilled Aloud Huxley prophecy of us becoming a trivial culture, drowning in a sea of irrelevance (Brave new world-aloud Huxley). So even as gays are treated as second class citizens and young gay teens are committing suicide by significant embers, Americans are more busy voting for the next American idol than care for Prop 8. Even as corruption and immorality in Indian politics continues to eat away at the nations very fabric of the nation, its citizens are preoccupied with arguing about the squad that was picked for the Indian cricket team’s next tour of wherever and pondering which Plywood movie must they see next. Hence, for all of Lemon’s passionate singing about power to the people, the hard truth might Just be that the people don’t want power, they want pleasure, and therein lies the inherent flaw of democracy. How to cite Democracy – Essay, Essays

Advance Financial Accounting Technique of Balancing

Question: Discuss about the Advance Financial Accounting for Technique of Balancing. Answer: 1.a: Asset revaluation serves as a technique of balancing the assets carrying value if any vital changes take place in of the fixed assets fair market value. Variations taking place in several factors such as time value of money and inflation rate might result in changes in the book value and market value of the assets. This can result in preparation of unreliable financial statements. Revaluation of assets is done to address such variations in market value and book value of assets to prepare accurate financial statements. As per AASB 116 of Australian Accounting Standard, revaluation of the assets including plant, property and equipment fair value of those is reliably measured and carried at a revealed amount. This is in consideration that its fair value at its revaluation date deducted from any accumulated impairment losses. Revaluation of these assets is done with adequate regularity for making sure that the amount carried is not materially different from that, which is calculated using fair value at the reporting period end. When a plant, property and equipment are revalued, any type of accumulated depreciation is anticipated on the revaluation date against the assets net and gross carrying amount. This is further restated to the revalued amount of assets. In the asset revaluation, each part of a property, plant and equipment with is cost which is significant in accordance to the items total cost is separately depreciated. The net revaluation method is documented in several inclusive incomes to the level of the credit balance prevalent in any excess revaluation in accordance of same asset class. 1.b: In the Books of Anderson Pvt. Ltd. Journal Entry Dr. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Amount ($) ($) Land (NSW) A/c. Dr. 50,000 To, Revaluation Surplus A/c. 50,000 (Being the book value of Land(NSW) revalued as per its Current Fair Value) Buildings (NSW) A/c. Dr. 10000 Accumulated Depreciation A/c. Dr. 20000 To, Revaluation Surplus A/c. 30000 (Being the book value of Building (NSW) revalued as per its Current Fair Value after adjusting with the related accumulated depreciation) Loss on Revaluation A/c. Dr. 30000 To, Land (Qld.) A/c. 30000 (Being the book value of Land (Qld) revalued as per its Current Fair Value) Loss on Revaluation A/c. Dr. 10000 Accumulated Depreciation A/c. Dr. 45000 To, Buildings (Qld.) A/c. 55000 (Being the book value of Building (NSW) revalued as per its Current Fair Value after adjusting with the related accumulated depreciation) Revaluation Surplus A/c. Dr. 80000 To, Loss on Revaluation A/c. 40000 To, Income Statement A/c. 40000 (Being the excess surplus in Revaluation A/c. transferred to Income Statement) 2.a: Ascertainment of Fair-Value of Debentures:- Formula = C x [{1-1/(1+y)n}/y] + [V/(1+y)n] Where, C = Coupon Payment y = Semi-Annual Yield Rate n = No. of Coupon Payments V = Book Value of Debentures Book Value of Debentures ($) 100000 Coupon Rate p.a. 6% Semi Annual Coupon Rate 0.03 Coupon Payment ($) 3000 Yield Rate 4% Semi Annual Yield Rate 0.02 Total Period (in Years) 6 No. of Coupon Payments 12 Fair Value of Debentures 110575. 2.b:- i) In the Books of Kruger Ltd. Journal Entry Dr. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Amount ($) ($) 1st July,2015 Cash A/c. Dr. 110575 To, Debenture A/c. 100000 To, Security Premium A/c. 10575 (Being debentures issued at premium with a coupon rate of 6% p.a.) ii) In the Books of Kruger Ltd. Journal Entry 31st Dec,2015 6% Debenture Interest A/c. Dr. 3000 To, 6% Debenture Holders A/c. 2100 To, Income Tax Payable A/c. 900 (Being interest due for 6 months on 6% debentures and 30% tax deducted at source) 31st Dec,2015 6% Debenture Holders A/c. Dr. 2100 To, Cash A/c. 2010 (Being semi-annual interest paid to 6% debenture holders) iii) In the Books of Kruger Ltd. Journal Entry 30th June ,2016 6% Debenture Interest A/c. Dr. 3000 To, 6% Debenture Holders A/c. 2100 To, Income Tax Payable A/c. 900 (Being interest due for 6 months on 6% debentures and 30% tax deducted at source) 30th June ,2016 6% Debenture Holders A/c. Dr. 2100 To, Cash A/c. 2010 (Being semi-annual interest paid to 6% debenture holders) 30th June ,2016 Income Tax Payable A/c. Dr. 1800 To, Cash A/c. 1800 (Being tax deducted on interest paid) 30th June ,2016 Income Statement A/c. Dr. 4020 To, 6% Debenture Interest A/c. 4020 (Being interest on debenture transferred to Income Statement) 3.a: Calculation for Yearly Gross Profit:- 2015 2016 2017 Cost for the year 10 18 12 Total Estimated Cost of the Contract 40 40 40 Percentage of Completion 25.00% 45.00% 30.00% Total Contract Value 50 50 50 Revenue Recognized 12.5 22.5 15 Gross Profit 2.5 4.5 3 3.b:- In the Books of Sun City Ltd. Journal Entry Dr. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Amount ($) ($) 2015 Construction in Process A/c. Dr. 2.5 Construction Expenses A/c. Dr. 10 To, Construction Revenue A/c. 12.5 Pretoria Limited A/c. Dr. 12 To, Billings A/c. 12 Cash A/c. Dr. 11 To, Pretoria Limited A/c. 11 3.c:- In the Books of Sun City Ltd. Journal Entry Dr. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Amount ($) ($) 2015 Construction in Process A/c. Dr. 2 Construction Expenses A/c. Dr. 10 To, Construction Revenue A/c. 12 Pretoria Limited A/c. Dr. 12 To, Billings A/c. 12 Cash A/c. Dr. 11 To, Pretoria Limited A/c. 11 4.a: Asset revaluation serves as a technique of balancing the assets carrying value if any vital changes take place in of the fixed assets fair market value. Variations taking place in several factors such as time value of money and inflation rate might result in changes in the book value and market value of the assets. This can result in preparation of unreliable financial statements. Revaluation of assets is done to address such variations in market value and book value of assets to prepare accurate financial statements. As per AASB 116 of Australian Accounting Standard, revaluation of the assets including plant, property and equipment fair value of those is reliably measured and carried at a revealed amount. This is in consideration that its fair value at its revaluation date deducted from any accumulated impairment losses. Revaluation of these assets is done with adequate regularity for making sure that the amount carried is not materially different from that, which is calculated using fair value at the reporting period end. When a plant, property and equipment are revalued, any type of accumulated depreciation is anticipated on the revaluation date against the assets net and gross carrying amount. This is further restated to the revalued amount of assets. In the asset revaluation, each part of a property, plant and equipment with is cost which is significant in accordance to the items total cost is separately depreciated. The net revaluation method is documented in several inclusive incomes to the level of the credit balance prevalent in any excess revaluation in accordance of same asset class. 4.b: In the Books of AD Pvt. Ltd. Journal Entry Dr. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Amount ($) ($) Land (NSW) A/c. Dr. 50,000 To, Revaluation Surplus A/c. 50,000 (Being the book value of Land(NSW) revalued as per its Current Fair Value) Buildings (NSW) A/c. Dr. 10000 Accumulated Depreciation A/c. Dr. 20000 To, Revaluation Surplus A/c. 30000 (Being the book value of Building (NSW) revalued as per its Current Fair Value after adjusting with the related accumulated depreciation) Loss on Revaluation A/c. Dr. 30000 To, Land (Qld.) A/c. 30000 (Being the book value of Land (Qld) revalued as per its Current Fair Value) Loss on Revaluation A/c. Dr. 10000 Accumulated Depreciation A/c. Dr. 45000 To, Buildings (Qld.) A/c. 55000 (Being the book value of Building (NSW) revalued as per its Current Fair Value after adjusting with the related accumulated depreciation) Revaluation Surplus A/c. Dr. 80000 To, Loss on Revaluation A/c. 40000 To, Income Statement A/c. 40000 (Being the excess surplus in Revaluation A/c. transferred to Income Statement) Bibliography:- Deegan, C., (2013).Financial accounting theory. Australia: McGraw-Hill Education. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., (2013).Introduction to management accounting. London: Pearson Higher Ed Jakob, K., (2016). BFIN 429.02: Financial Management I-Theory and Analysis. Berlin: PHI Learning. Kaplan, R.S. Atkinson, A.A., (2015).Advanced management accounting. Berlin: PHI Learning. Neely Jr, P. Muhammad, R., (2016). Fair Value Accounting on the Housing Crisis.Business and Management Studies,2(3), 1-8. Vernimmen, P., Quiry, P., Dallocchio, M., Le Fur, Y. Salvi, A., (2014).Corporate finance: theory and practice. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. Francis, J., (2013).Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. London: Cengage Learning. Yao, D.F.T., Percy, M. Hu, F., (2015). Fair value accounting for non-current assets and audit fees: evidence from Australian companies.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,11(1), 31-45.